Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 6,111 men and women without prevalent type 2 diabetes by baseline depressive symptoms: English Longitudinal Study of Aging, 2002–2003
| CES-D <4 | CES-D ≥4 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5,288 | 823 | |
| Age (years) | 63.6 ± 9.3 | 64.0 ± 9.8 | 0.24 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 2,453 (46.4) | 256 (31.1) | |
| Female | 2,835 (53.6) | 567 (68.9) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||
| Nonmarried | 1,506 (28.5) | 388 (47.1) | |
| Married | 3,782 (71.5) | 435 (52.9) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| Degree or equivalent | 706 (13.3) | 59 (7.2) | |
| Higher education or equivalent | 687 (13.0) | 72 (8.7) | |
| General certificate of education: advanced level or equivalent | 376 (7.1) | 45 (5.5) | |
| General certificate of education: ordinary level or equivalent | 977 (18.5) | 126 (15.3) | |
| Certificate of secondary education | 245 (4.6) | 36 (4.4) | |
| Foreign or other type of qualifications | 481 (9.1) | 64 (7.8) | |
| No qualification | 1,816 (34.4) | 421 (51.1) | |
| Total net non-pension household wealth* [median (interquartile range)] (£) | 160,010 (217,490) | 81,962 (175,950) | <0.001 |
| Any longstanding illness or disability | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2,735 (51.7) | 233 (28.3) | |
| Yes | 2,553 (48.3) | 590 (71.7) | |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity† | <0.001 | ||
| No cardiovascular disease | 2,984 (56.4) | 409 (49.7) | |
| At least one cardiovascular disease | 2,304 (43.6) | 414 (50.3) | |
| Other noncardiovascular comorbidity† | <0.001 | ||
| No noncardiovascular disease | 2,862 (54.1) | 245 (29.8) | |
| At least one noncardiovascular disease | 2,426 (45.9) | 578 (70.2) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never a smoker | 2,024 (38.3) | 245 (29.8) | |
| Exsmoker | 2,447 (46.3) | 353 (42.9) | |
| Current smoker | 817 (15.4) | 225 (27.3) | |
| Physical activity at least once a week | <0.001 | ||
| Not at all | 274 (5.2) | 106 (12.9) | |
| Mild | 562 (10.6) | 178 (21.6) | |
| Moderate | 2,658 (50.3) | 380 (46.2) | |
| Vigorous | 1,794 (33.9) | 159 (19.3) | |
| Frequency of alcohol consumption | <0.001 | ||
| Twice a day or more often | 217 (4.1) | 27 (3.3) | |
| Daily or almost daily | 1,365 (25.8) | 182 (22.1) | |
| Once or twice a week | 1,800 (34.0) | 205 (24.9) | |
| Once or twice a month | 593 (11.2) | 86 (10.6) | |
| Only on special occasions | 898 (17.0) | 200 (24.3) | |
| Not at all | 415 (7.9) | 123 (14.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 5.0 | 0.045 |
Data are means ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*This is total household wealth (excluding pension savings) minus household debt.
†Cardiovascular comorbidities included hypertension, angina, heart attack, congestive heart failure, heart murmur, abnormal heart rhythm, and stroke; noncardiovascular comorbidities included chronic lung disease, asthma, arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer/malignant tumor excluding minor skin cancers, Parkinson's disease, emotional/nervous/psychiatric problems, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia or other serious memory impairment.