Table 1.
Optimal design parameters to produce maximum energy density or maximum energy conversion efficiency
| Design goal | Maximum energy density | Maximum energy conversion efficiency |
|---|---|---|
| KCl concentration in droplet A (mol·L−1) | < 10−4 | 1.00 |
| KCl concentration in droplet B (mol·L−1) | 3.89 | 1.05 |
| Droplet A volume (nL)a | 254 | 200 |
| Volume ratio (droplet B/droplet A) | 0.575 | 1.00 |
| External resistance (Ω)b | 267 | 267 |
| α-HL channel density (channels·μm−2) | >102 | >102 |
| α-HL charge selectivity (parameter a1 in Eq. 5) | >103 | >103 |
| Bilayer area (m2) | 3.41× 10−8 | 4.07 × 10−8 |
| Silver chloride required (mol)c | 3.7 × 10−7 | 5.6 × 10−9 |
| Volume ratio of electrode in droplet A | 3.7 × 10−2 | 7.3 × 10−4 |
| Energy density (J·m−3) | 6.9 × 106 | 1.7 × 103 |
| Energy conversion efficiency | 10 % | 48 % |
a
Energy is proportional to volume
b
Fixed according to Equation 9
c
The electrode reactions are reversible