Table 1.
Characteristics of the Sample Associated with Each Sample Selection Filter
| Wave I Sample | Longitudinal Sample | Younger Cohort Sample |
Analytic Sample | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |||||
| (n = 20,747) |
(n = 11,620) |
(n = 5,875) |
(n = 4,217) |
|||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Academic Achievement at Wave I | ||||||||
| Overall GPA | 2.75 | (0.77) | 2.79 | (0.77) | 2.84* | (0.78) | 2.91 | (0.76) |
| Math GPA | 2.64 | (1.04) | 2.67 | (1.04) | 2.76 | (1.03) | 2.81 | (1.02) |
| Family-Structure History | ||||||||
| Family instabilty | 0.70* | (1.05) | 0.64 | (1.02) | 0.61* | (1.01) | 0.53 | (0.92) |
| Family structure at birth Married |
72.77* | (0.45) | 76.20 | (0.43) | 76.44* | (0.42) | 82.01 | (0.38) |
| Single-parent family | 20.09* | (0.40) | 18.08 | (0.38) | 18.37 | (0.39) | 16.92 | (0.38) |
| Stepparent family | 1.29* | (0.11) | 1.22* | (0.11) | 1.12* | (0.11) | 1.03 | (0.10) |
| Nonbiological-parent family | 5.85* | (0.23) | 4.50* | (0.21) | 4.07 | (0.20) | ||
| Individual Characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (in years) | 15.67* | (1.75) | 15.29* | (1.63) | 14.06 | (1.09) | 14.03 | (1.06) |
| Gender (male) | 49.42 | (0.50) | 47.05 | (0.50) | 46.28 | (0.50) | 45.93 | (0.50) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 52.13 | (0.50) | 54.31 | (0.50) | 58.35* | (0.49) | 62.20 | (0.48) |
| African American | 22.16 | (0.42) | 21.14 | (0.41) | 22.43* | (0.42) | 19.60 | (0.40) |
| Asian | 6.82 | (0.25) | 6.83* | (0.25) | 4.39* | (0.20) | 4.82 | (0.21) |
| Latina/Latino | 16.99 | (0.38) | 15.97* | (0.37) | 13.07* | (0.34) | 11.87 | (0.32) |
| Other | 1.61* | (0.13) | 1.48 | (0.12) | 1.40 | (0.12) | 1.12 | (0.11) |
| Parents’ education | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 12.49 | (0.33) | 11.90* | (0.32) | 10.33* | (0.30) | 8.62 | (0.28) |
| High school graduation | 27.99 | (0.45) | 27.86 | (0.45) | 29.63 | (0.46) | 29.85 | (0.46) |
| Some college education | 19.85 | (0.40) | 19.68 | (0.40) | 18.71 | (0.39) | 18.66 | (0.39) |
| At least college graduation | 33.30 | (0.47) | 35.59 | (0.48) | 36.77 | (0.48) | 39.20 | (0.49) |
| Missing education | 6.37* | (0.24) | 4.97* | (0.22) | 4.56 | (0.21) | 3.65 | (0.19) |
| Explanatory Factors | ||||||||
| Parenting behavior | ||||||||
| Parent-child closeness | 3.41* | (0.66) | 3.44* | (0.65) | 3.52* | (0.59) | 3.54 | (0.57) |
| Parental supervision | 2.79 | (1.02) | 2.83* | (1.02) | 2.94 | (0.98) | 2.98 | (0.97) |
| Parental involvement in school | 1.42 | (1.00) | 1.45* | (1.00) | 1.46* | (1.04) | 1.47 | (1.05) |
| Adolescents’ adjustment and aspirations | ||||||||
| Psychoogical distress | 0.01 | (5.20) | −0.08* | (5.16) | −0.63* | (4.90) | −0.92 | (4.78) |
| College aspirations | 4.42 | (1.04) | 4.45* | (1.01) | 4.52 | (0.96) | 4.56 | (0.92) |
Note: * indicates significant differences (p < .001) between the sample mean in the current column (e.g., 1) compared to the sample mean in the column to the right (e.g., 2).