Table 2.

Means and Standard Deviations of All the Variables (n = 4,217)

	Percentage	M	SD
Math Outcomes
Academic status in the ninth grade
Completed at least Algebra I	65.46	—	—
Did not completed at least Algebra I	34.54	—	—
Academic status at the end of high school
Dropped out of high school	12.49	—	—
Graduated from high school but did not complete    Algebra II	29.98	—	—
Graduated from high school and completed at least    Algebra II	57.53	—	—
Family-Structure History
Family instability: Birth through Wave I		0.56	(0.93)
0	66.28	—	—
1	17.17	—	—
2	12.43	—	—
3	2.62	—	—
4+	1.50	—	—
Family instability: Birth through Wave II		0.67	(1.03)
0	62.31	—	—
1	17.51	—	—
2	13.70	—	—
3	4.49	—	—
4	1.40	—	—
5+	0.59	—	—
Family structure at birth
Married	82.64	—	—
Single-parent family	16.41	—	—
Ever lived in
Biological-parent family	86.53	—	—
Single-mother family	30.37	—	—
Single-father family	4.37	—	—
Stepparent family	18.22	—	—
Nonbiological-parent family	2.07	—	—
Explanatory Factors
Parenting behavior
Parent-child closeness	—	3.55	(0.57)
Parental supervision	—	3.01	(0.97)
Parental involvement in school	—	1.45	(1.05)
Adolescents’ adjustment and aspirations
Psychological distress	—	−0.95	(4.77)
College aspirations	—	4.55	(0.93)
Individual Charactersistics
Age (in years)	—	13.96	(1.08)
Gender (male)	50.75	—	—
Race and ethnicity
White	70.24	—	—
African American	14.33	—	—
Latina/Latino	10.27	—	—
Other	4.05	—	—
Parents’ education
Less than high school	9.62	—	—
High school graduation	31.13	—	—
Some college education	20.04	—	—
At least college graduation	35.60	—	—
Missing education	3.62	—	—
School Context
Urbanicity
Suburban	58.23	—	—
Urban	25.35	—	—
Rural	16.42	—	—
Type of school
Private	6.66	—	—
Public	93.34	—	—