Table 6.
Relative Risk Ratios Predicting Academic Status at the End of High School (n = 4,217)
| Model 1: Parenting Behaviors |
Model 2: Adolescents’ Adjustment and Aspirations |
Model 3: Full Model |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | 3 versus 2 | 3 versus 1 | 2 versus 1 | 3 versus 2 | 3 versus 1 | 2 versus 1 | 3 versus 2 | 3 versus 1 | 2 versus 1 |
| Family-Structure History | |||||||||
| Family instability | |||||||||
| Birth through Wave II | 0.81*** | 0.76*** | 0.94 | 0.80*** | 0.74*** | 0.92 | 0.79*** | 0.74*** | 0.93 |
| Family structure at birth | |||||||||
| Single-parent family | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 1.07 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.82 |
| Initial Academic Status | |||||||||
| Completed Algebra I in the ninth grade |
12.62*** | 18.93*** | 1.50* | 11.48*** | 16.97*** | 1.48* | 11.57*** | 17.04*** | 1.47* |
| Individual Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 0.82** | 0.72*** | 0.88* | 0.85* | 0.75*** | 0.88* | 0.84* | 0.75*** | 0.89* |
| Male | 0.72** | 0.59*** | 0.82 | 0.68*** | 0.56*** | 0.83 | 0.68*** | 0.56*** | 0.82 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||||
| African American | 0.81 | 0.96 | 1.18 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 1.23 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 1.16 |
| Latina/Latino | 0.97 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 1.06 |
| Other | 1.70+ | 2.17+ | 1.34 | 1.61+ | 2.17+ | 1.65 | 1.64+ | 2.14+ | 1.30 |
| Parents’ educational attainment | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.83 | 0.42*** | 0.50*** | 0.90 | 0.44*** | 0.49*** | 0.89 | 0.44*** | 0.50*** |
| Some college education | 1.68*** | 1.78** | 1.06 | 1.51** | 1.60* | 1.06 | 1.54** | 1.58* | 1.03 |
| At least college graduation | 2.12*** | 4.36*** | 2.06*** | 1.83*** | 3.59*** | 1.96** | 1.87*** | 3.58*** | 1.92** |
| Missing education | 1.06 | 0.54 | 0.51* | 1.08 | 0.52 | 0.48** | 1.05 | 0.53 | 0.51* |
| School Context | |||||||||
| Urbanicity | |||||||||
| Urban | 1.26 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 1.23 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 1.25 | 0.84 | 0.67 |
| Rural | 0.82 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.86 |
| Private school | 0.76 | 1.23 | 1.63+ | 0.79 | 1.23 | 1.56 | 0.77 | 1.25 | 1.62+ |
| Explanatory Factors | |||||||||
| Parenting behavior | |||||||||
| Parent-child closeness | 1.19+ | 1.38** | 1.16 | — | — | — | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.10 |
| Parental supervision | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.00 | — | — | — | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
| Parental involvement in school |
0.88* | 1.08 | 1.20** | — | — | — | 0.87* | 1.06 | 1.22** |
| Adolescents’ adjustment and aspirations | |||||||||
| Psychological distress | — | — | — | 0.95*** | 0.94*** | 0.99 | 0.95*** | 0.94** | 0.99 |
| College aspirations | — | — | — | 1.47*** | 1.68*** | 1.14** | 1.49*** | 1.68*** | 1.13* |
| −2 log likelihood | −2979.8 | −2922.9 | −2911.2 | ||||||
Note: 1 = dropped out of high school, 2 = failed or did not complete at least Algebra II, and 3 = passed at least Algebra II.
+
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.