Table 5.
Results of the ANOVAs for Experiment 2. m.s.e. = mean squared error, η2 = partial eta squared (effect size).
| responses to words | |
| RTs (naming latencies) to words | |
| test 1: RTs to words before training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 44.15, m.s.e. = 580, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.621 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 33.72, m.s.e. = 474, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.555 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 6.22, m.s.e. = 533, p = 0.019, η2 = 0.187 |
| test 2A: RTs to lower case words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 40.94, m.s.e. = 869, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.603 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 14.77, m.s.e. = 678, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.354 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 5.90, m.s.e. = 500, p = .022, η2 = .179 |
| test 2B: RTs to mixed-case words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field | F1,27 = 10.00, m.s.e. = 1396, p = 0.004, η2 = 0.270 |
| length | F1,27 = 11.66, m.s.e. = 1383, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.302 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 7.59, m.s.e. = 621, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.219 |
| combined analysis of tests 1 and 2A. RTs to words before and after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in both tests) | |
| Test | F1,27 = 13.16, m.s.e. = 3077, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.328 |
| visual field | F1,27 = 60.67, m.s.e. = 1002, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.692 |
| length | F1,27 = 32.56, m.s.e. = 788, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.547 |
| test × visual field | F1,27 = 0.91, m.s.e. = 447, p = 0.348, η2 = 0.033 |
| test × length | F1,27 = 0.96, m.s.e. = 364, p = 0.336, η2 = 0.034 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 11.29, m.s.e. = 554, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.295 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.01, m.s.e. = 479, p = 0.918, η2 = 0.000 |
| combined analysis of tests 2A and 2B. RTs to words after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in test 2A, mixed case in test 2B) | |
| order (test 2A first or second) | F1,26 = 0.25, m.s.e. = 4574, p = 0.624, η2 = 0.009 |
| test (2A versus 2B) | F1,26 = 124.58, m.s.e. = 973, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.827 |
| visual field | F1,26 = 29.17, m.s.e. = 1614, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.529 |
| length | F1,26 = 16.19, m.s.e. = 1593, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.384 |
| order × test | F1,26 = 10.98, m.s.e. = 973, p = 0.003, η2 = 0.297 |
| order × visual field | F1,26 = 1.48, m.s.e. = 1614, p = 0.236, η2 = 0.054 |
| order × length | F1,26 = 0.18, m.s.e. = 1593, p = 0.787, η2 = 0.003 |
| test × visual field | F1,26 = 3.97, m.s.e. = 626, p = 0.057, η2 = 0.132 |
| test × length | F1,26 = 0.74, m.s.e. = 493, p = 0.398, η2 = 0.028 |
| visual field × length | F1,26 = 11.96, m.s.e. = 631, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.315 |
| order × test versus visual field | F1,26 = 0.92, m.s.e. = 626, p = .347, η2 = .034 |
| order × test × length | F1,26 = 2.66, m.s.e. = 493, p = 0.115, η2 = 0.093 |
| order × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.19, m.s.e. = 631, p = 0.666, η2 = 0.007 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.20, m.s.e. = 521, p = 0.661, η2 = 0.007 |
| order versus test × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.33, m.s.e. = 521, p = 0.571, η2 = 0.013 |
| errors to words | |
| test 1: errors to words before training on the non-words | |
| visual field | F1,27 = 4.18, m.s.e. = 0.36, p = 0.051, η2 = 0.134 |
| length | F1,27 = 0.01, m.s.e. = 1.05, p = 0.927, η2 = 0.000 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.46, m.s.e. = 0.48, p = 0.502, η2 = 0.017 |
| test 2A: errors to lower-case words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 1.00, m.s.e. = 0.57, p = 0.326, η2 = 0.036 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 0.07, m.s.e. = 0.52, p = 0.795, η2 = 0.003 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.59, m.s.e. = 0.54, p = 0.449, η2 = 0.021 |
| test 2B: errors to mixed-case words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 0.24, m.s.e. = 1.32, p = 0.626, η2 = 0.009 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 0.06, m.s.e. = 0.55, p = 0.802, η2 = 0.002 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.63, m.s.e. = 0.91, p = 0.434, η2 = 0.023 |
| combined analysis of tests 1 and 2A. Errors to words before and after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in both tests) | |
| test | F1,27 = 0.14, m.s.e. = 1.54, p = 0.709, η2 = 0.005 |
| visual field | F1,27 = 0.23, m.s.e. = 0.49, p = 0.637, η2 = 0.008 |
| length | F1,27 = 0.01, m.s.e. = 0.79, p = 0.941, η2 = 0.000 |
| test × visual field | F1,27 = 4.47, m.s.e. = 0.44, p = 0.044, η2 = 0.142 |
| test × length | F1,27 = 0.05, m.s.e. = 0.77, p = 0.821, η2 = 0.002 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.92, m.s.e. = 0.59, p = 0.346, η2 = 0.033 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.01, m.s.e. = 0.44, p = 0.920, η2 = 0.000 |
| combined analysis of tests 2A and 2B. Errors to words after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in test 2A, mixed case in test 2B) | |
| order | F1,26 = 3.80, m.s.e. = 5.43, p = 0.062, η2 = 0.127 |
| test | F1,26 = 5.54, m.s.e. = 1,89, p = 0.028, η2 = 0.173 |
| visual field | F1,26 = 0.03, m.s.e. = 0.69, p = 0.873, η2 = 0.001 |
| length | F1,26 = 0.00, m.s.e. = 0.55, p = 1.00, η2 = 0.000 |
| order × test | F1,26 = 0.61, m.s.e. = 1.89, p = 0.443, η2 = 0.023 |
| order × visual field | F1,26 = 3.15, m.s.e. = 0.69, p = 0.088, η2 = 0.108 |
| order × length | F1,26 = 3.27, m.s.e. = 0.55, p = 0.082, η2 = 0.112 |
| test × visual field | F1,26 = 0.77, m.s.e. = 1.14, p = 0.389, η2 = 0.029 |
| test × length | F1,26 = 0.15, m.s.e. = 0.47, p = 0.701, η2 = 0.006 |
| visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.97, m.s.e. = 0.90, p = 0.334, η2 = 0.036 |
| order × test versus visual field | F1,26 = 1.27, m.s.e. = 1.14, p = 0.271, η2 = 0.046 |
| order × test × length | F1,26 = 1.36, m.s.e. = 0.47, p = 0.254, η2 = 0.050 |
| order × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.18, m.s.e. = 0.90, p = 0.676, η2 = 0.007 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.30, m.s.e. = 0.59, p = 0.863, η2 = 0.001 |
| order versus test × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.27, m.s.e. = 0.59, p = 0.606, η2 = 0.010 |
| responses to non-words | |
| RTs (naming latencies) to non-words | |
| test 1: RTs to non-words before training on the non-words | |
| visual field | F1,27 = 33.25, m.s.e. = 1057, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.552 |
| length | F1,27 = 108.4, m.s.e. = 1853, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.801 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 2.97, m.s.e. = 1040, p = 0.096, η2 = 0.099 |
| test 2A: RTs to lower-case non-words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 36.27, m.s.e. = 863, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.573 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 53.74, m.s.e. = 521, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.666 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 23.91, m.s.e. = 534, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.470 |
| test 2B: RTs to mixed-case non-words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field | F1,27 = 22.13, m.s.e. = 1049, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.450 |
| length | F1,27 = 62.58, m.s.e. = 1190, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.699 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 2.38, m.s.e. = 879, p = 0.134, η2 = 0.081 |
| combined analysis of tests 1 and 2A. RTs to non-words before and after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in both tests) | |
| test | F1,27 = 66.59, m.s.e. = 6858, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.712 |
| visual field | F1,27 = 49.94, m.s.e. = 1329, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.649 |
| length | F1,27 = 107.7, m.s.e. = 1759, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.800 |
| test × visual field | F1,27 = 0.09, m.s.e. = 590, p = 0.761, η2 = 0.003 |
| test × length | F1,27 = 64.20, m.s.e. = 615, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.704 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 14.36, m.s.e. = 990, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.347 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,27 = 2.82, m.s.e. = 584, p = 0.104, η2 = 0.095 |
| combined analysis of tests 2A and 2B. RTs to non-words after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in test 2A, mixed case in test 2B) | |
| order | F1,27 = 0.67, m.s.e. = 4071, p = 0.420, η2 = 0.025 |
| test | F1,27 = 122.18, m.s.e. = 1085, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.825 |
| visual field | F1,27 = 43.14, m.s.e. = 1256, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.624 |
| length | F1,27 = 69.46, m.s.e. = 1395, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.728 |
| order × test | F1,27 = 4.01, m.s.e. = 1085, p = 0.056, η2 = 0.134 |
| order × visual field | F1,27 = 1.52, m.s.e. = 1256, p = 0.229, η2 = 0.055 |
| order × length | F1,27 = 0.90, m.s.e. = 1395, p = 0.351, η2 = 0.034 |
| test × visual field | F1,27 = 0.47, m.s.e. = 640, p = 0.498, η2 = 0.018 |
| test × length | F1,27 = 17.48, m.s.e. = 319, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.402 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 3.00, m.s.e. = 754, p = 0.095, η2 = 0.103 |
| order × test versus visual field | F1,27 = 0.62, m.s.e. = 640, p = 0.438, η2 = 0.023 |
| order × test × length | F1,27 = 1.16, m.s.e. = 319, p = 0.291, η2 = 0.043 |
| order × visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.66, m.s.e. = 754, p = 0.423, η2 = 0.025 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,27 = 18.23, m.s.e. = 691, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.412 |
| order versus test × visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.10, m.s.e. = 691, p = 0.758, η2 = 0.004 |
| errors to non-words | |
| test 1: errors to non-words before training on the non-words | |
| visual field | F1,27 = 8.48, m.s.e. = 1.77, p = 0.007, η2 = 0.239 |
| length | F1,27 = 39.88, m.s.e. = 5.38, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.596 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 1.27, m.s.e. = 1.58, p = 0.270, η2 = 0.045 |
| test 2A: errors to lower-case non-words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 1.75, m.s.e. = 0.62, p = 0.197, η2 = 0.061 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 1.23, m.s.e. = 0.88, p = 0.277, η2 = 0.044 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.29, m.s.e. = 0.76, p = 0.592, η2 = 0.011 |
| test 2B: errors to mixed-case non-words after training on the non-words | |
| visual field (LVF versus RVF) | F1,27 = 0.43, m.s.e. = 2.10, p = 0.520, η2 = 0.016 |
| length (four versus six letters) | F1,27 = 7.41, m.s.e. = 0.94, p = 0.011, η2 = 0.215 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.52, m.s.e. = 1.11, p = 0.479, η2 = 0.019 |
| combined analysis of tests 1 and 2A. Errors to non-words before and after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in both tests) | |
| test | F1,27 = 28.88, m.s.e. = 6.18, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.517 |
| visual field | F1,27 = 9.33, m.s.e. = 1.29, p = 0.005, η2 = 0.257 |
| length | F1,27 = 36.51, m.s.e. = 3.37, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.575 |
| test × visual field | F1,27 = 3.68, m.s.e. = 1.09, p = 0.066, η2 = 0.120 |
| test × length | F1,27 = 32.07, m.s.e. = 2.89, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.543 |
| visual field × length | F1,27 = 1.37, m.s.e. = 1.30, p = 0.252, η2 = 0.048 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,27 = 0.43, m.s.e. = 1.04, p = 0.518, η2 = 0.016 |
| combined analysis of tests 2A and 2B. Errors to non-words after training on the non-words (lower-case presentation in test 2A, mixed case in test 2B) | |
| order | F1,26 = 4.06, m.s.e. = 5.24, p = 0.054, η2 = 0.135 |
| test | F1,26 = 4.76, m.s.e. = 2.63, p = 0.038, η2 = 0.155 |
| visual field | F1,26 = 1.25, m.s.e. = 1.58, p = 0.274, η2 = 0.046 |
| length | F1,26 = 6.46, m.s.e. = 1.05, p = 0.017, η2 = 0.199 |
| order × test | F1,26 = 0.90, m.s.e. = 2.63, p = 0.352, η2 = 0.033 |
| order × visual field | F1,26 = 1.50, m.s.e. = 1.58, p = 0.232, η2 = 0.054 |
| order × length | F1,26 = 0.72, m.s.e. = 1.05, p = 0.405, η2 = 0.027 |
| test × visual field | F1,26 = 0.00, m.s.e. = 1.46, p = 0.951, η2 = 0.000 |
| test × length | F1,26 = 1.59, m.s.e. = 0.81, p = 0.218, η2 = 0.058 |
| visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.05, m.s.e. = 0.82, p = 0.827, η2 = 0.002 |
| order × test versus visual field | F1,26 = 0.10, m.s.e. = 1.15, p = 0.757, η2 = 0.004 |
| order × test × length | F1,26 = 0.05, m.s.e. = 0.81, p = 0.825, η2 = 0.002 |
| order × visual field × length | F1,26 = 1.22, m.s.e. = 0.82, p = 0.279, η2 = 0.045 |
| test × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.70, m.s.e. = 1.08, p = 0.411, η2 = 0.026 |
| order versus test × visual field × length | F1,26 = 0.00, m.s.e. = 1.08, p = 0.949, η2 = 0.000 |