Table 4. Results of Multi-Level Models Predicting Early High School Science Coursework (n = 15,876).
| Unstandardized b Coefficients (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 d | |
| Focal Adolescent Group | |||
| Low-income a | -.07** (.02) |
-.04* (.02) |
.01 (.02) |
| ELL | -.31*** (.06) |
-.23*** (.06) |
-.23*** (.06) |
| Family/School Connection | |||
| Triangulation b | .07* (.03) |
.04 (.03) |
.02 (.03) |
| Middle school as bridge | .14** (.04) |
.09* (.04) |
.05 (.05) |
| Family as bridge | .16* (.06) |
.16** (.06) |
.11 (.06) |
| High school as bridge | .03 (.03) |
.02 (.03) |
.01 (.03) |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||
| Gender (female) | .09*** (.02) |
.13*** (.02) |
.15*** (.02) |
| Age (years) | -.13*** (.02) |
-.08*** (.01) |
-.07*** (.02) |
| African-American c | -.05 (.03) |
.05 (.03) |
.05 (.03) |
| Latino/a | -.03 (.03) |
.03 (.03) |
.07* (.04) |
| Asian-American | .14** (.05) |
.16** (.05) |
.26*** (.05) |
| Other race/ethnicity | -.06 (.08) |
.02 (.07) |
.10 (.08) |
| Parent education | .12*** (.01) |
.07*** (.01) |
.01 (.01) |
| Family structure (two-parent) | .10*** (.02) |
.08*** (.02) |
.05** (.02) |
| First generation immigration status c | .15** (.05) |
.11** (.05) |
.10* (.05) |
| Second generation immigration status | -.06+ (.03) |
-.09* (.03) |
-.13*** (.03) |
| Prior Academic Performance | |||
| Advanced science program (middle school) | --- | .19*** (.02) |
.16*** (.02) |
| Biology I enrollment (middle school) | --- | .03 (.02) |
.03 (.02) |
| Science test score (middle school) | --- | .04*** (.00) |
.03*** (.00) |
| Intercept | 4.03*** | 2.76*** | 2.31*** |
| Δ 2 LL | -485 e | -615 | -1250 |
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.
Note: All models controlled for school type, sector, location, and region.
a
Category for those missing income information also included in analyses.
b
Disengaged was reference for family-school connections; set of dummy variables also contained a catch-all category.
c
White was reference for race/ethnicity, third-plus generation for immigration status.
d
Model 3 added propensity scores cataloging probability of inclusion in each family-school category (including catch-all category).
e
Fit statistic for Model 1 relative to a baseline model containing low-income, ELL, and the family-school connection dummy variables only.