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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Apr 2.
Published in final edited form as: FEBS Lett. 2010 Jan 18;584(7):1287–1295. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.01.017

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Regulation of the mTOR pathway by nutrients (amino acids, glucose), stress and insulin/IGF-1. (a) Two mTOR complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and their components. mTORC1 is the protein complex responsible for autophagy induction in response to nutrient starvation, stress and reduced growth factor signaling. mTORC2 regulates autophagy via Akt-FoxO3 in skeletal muscle cells in response to a fasting condition [19,20]. (b) The signaling pathways upstream of mTORC1 that regulate cell growth and autophagy in response to nutrient levels, growth factors, and stress.