Table 1. Correlates of helminth infection among HIV-1 seropositive adults in Kenya.
| Characteristic | n | Helminth Infected (n = 298) | Helminth Uninfected (n = 1243) | RR (95% CI) |
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 1488 | 34.4 (9.5) | 35.7 (9.3) | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00)* |
| Gender; n (%) | ||||
| Male | 382 | 63 (22.3) | 319 (26.3) | Reference |
| Female | 1114 | 220 (77.7) | 894 (73.7) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.54) |
| Site; n (%) | ||||
| Nairobi (urban) | 689 | 101 (33.9) | 588 (47.3) | Reference |
| Greater-Nairobi (peri-urban) | 427 | 74 (24.8) | 358 (28.4) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.56) |
| Western (rural) | 213 | 62 (20.8) | 151 (12.1) | 1.99 (1.51, 2.62) |
| Costal (rural) | 212 | 61 (20.5) | 151 (12.2) | 1.96 (1.49, 2.59) |
| Education; n (%) | ||||
| None | 132 | 38 (14.1) | 94 (7.9) | 1.90 (1.34, 2.69) |
| Primary | 782 | 153 (56.7) | 629 (53.2) | 1.29 (0.99), 1.68) |
| Secondary | 449 | 68 (25.2) | 381 (32.2) | Reference |
| Post-secondary | 89 | 11 (4.1) | 78 (6.8) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.48) |
| Water source; n (%) | ||||
| Piped water in home | 182 | 21 (7.5) | 161 (13.4) | Reference |
| Communal water source | 800 | 141 (50.2) | 659 (54.8) | 1.52 (0.99, 2.35) |
| Lake, river or pool | 239 | 67 (23.8) | 172 (14.3) | 2.43 (1.55, 3.81) |
| Other | 263 | 52 (18.5) | 211 (17.5) | 1.71 (1.07, 2.74) |
| Sanitation; n (%) | ||||
| Access to flush toilet | 296 | 34 (12.1) | 262 (21.6) | Reference |
| No toilet or latrine | 95 | 37 (13.2) | 58 (4.8) | 3.39 (2.26, 5.08) |
| Pit latrine for single home | 491 | 112 (39.9) | 379 (31.3) | 1.99 (1.40, 2.83) |
| Shared pit latrine | 610 | 98 (34.9) | 512 (42.3) | 1.40 (0.97, 2.01) |
| Employment; n (%) | ||||
| Employed, non-farmer | 767 | 125 (44.3) | 642 (53.2) | Reference |
| Employed, farmer | 263 | 68 (24.1) | 195 (16.1) | 1.59 (1.22, 2.06) |
| Not employed | 460 | 89 (31.6) | 371 (30.7) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) |
| CD4 count (cells/µL); n (%) | ||||
| 0 – 349 | 372 | 81 (30.3) | 291 (40.8) | Reference |
| ≥350 | 608 | 186 (69.7) | 422 (59.2) | 1.40 (1.12, 1.76) |
*: Comparisons by years in decades.