Table 3.
Model coefficients and SEs for generalized estimating equation models predicting tobacco dependence, FTND, and WISDM subscales
| Dependent variable | MDD | SD | Stress reaction |
| Current tobacco dependence (no vs. yes)a | 1.48 (0.44) | 1.59 (0.50) | 1.50 (0.21) |
| FTND | 0.15 (0.14) | 0.23 (0.14) | 0.16 (0.06) |
| WISDM subscales | |||
| Affiliative attachment | 0.22 (0.14) | 0.46 (0.15) | 0.26 (0.07) |
| Automaticity | 0.43 (0.13) | −0.02 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.07) |
| Loss of control | 0.43 (0.13) | 0.33 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.06) |
| Behavioral choice/melioration | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.27 (0.07) |
| Cognitive enhancement | 0.29 (0.15) | 0.22 (0.15) | 0.16 (0.07) |
| Craving | 0.40 (0.12) | 0.33 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.06) |
| Cue exposure/associative processes | 0.49 (0.13) | 0.28 (0.14) | 0.09 (0.07) |
| Negative reinforcement | 0.43 (0.13) | 0.27 (0.13) | 0.17 (0.07) |
| Positive reinforcement | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.22 (0.07) |
| Social/environmental goads | 0.29 (0.14) | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.07) |
| Taste/sensory properties | 0.31 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.15) | 0.05 (0.07) |
| Tolerance | 0.31 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.06) |
| Weight control | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.25 (0.15) | 0.12 (0.07) |
Note. SEs of the model coefficients are in parentheses. Coefficients in bold are significant at p < .01. All dependent variables, other than current tobacco dependence, were standardized as was the continuous predictor, stress reaction. MDD and SD were dummy coded with those not having a history of that disorder coded as 0, the reference group; the coefficients for the dichotomous variables represent the difference in SD units between those with versus those without that disorder history. FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; MDD = lifetime major depressive disorder; SD = lifetime substance dependence; WISDM = Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives.
Current tobacco dependence was modeled using a binomial distribution and logit link function. Odds ratios and their SEs are presented.