Table I.
Selected characteristics for cases and controls by quintiles of combined intake of fruits and vegetablesa, EAGLE 2002–2005
| Total |
Quintile of total fruit and vegetable intake (frequency per day) |
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| Cases, 1822 | Controls, 1991 | Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
Q5 |
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| Cases, 477 | Controls, 399 | Cases, 407 | Controls, 398 | Cases, 335 | Controls, 399 | Cases, 309 | Controls, 398 | Cases, 294 | Controls, 397 | |||||||||||||||
| Fruits and vegetables, median (frequency per day, IQR) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 3.7 (3.1) | 4.2 (3.0) | 1.7 (0.88) | 1.8 (0.97) | 3.2 (0.64) | 3.2 (0.69) | 4.2 (0.56) | 4.2 (0.58) | 5.5 (0.85) | 5.4 (0.69) | 7.0 (1.0) | 7.1 (1.2) | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3.1 (2.5) | 3.5 (2.5) | 1.5 (0.82) | 1.5 (0.68) | 2.5 (0.43) | 2.6 (0.42) | 3.4 (0.47) | 3.5 (0.48) | 4.5 (0.51) | 4.5 (0.61) | 6.2 (1.4) | 6.2 (1.4) | ||||||||||||
| P-value < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quercetin-richb foods, median (frequency per day) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 0.62 (0.48) | 0.66 (0.44) | 1.3 (0.71) | 1.2 (0.67) | 1.8 (0.66) | 1.7 (0.51) | 2.1 (0.65) | 2.2 (0.68) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.9 (0.91) | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.59 (0.42) | 0.64 (0.43) | 1.0 (0.43) | 1.0 (0.43) | 1.4 (0.56) | 1.6 (0.56) | 1.9 (0.73) | 1.9 (0.68) | 2.7 (0.99) | 2.7 (1.0) | ||||||||||||
| P-value < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female (%) | 365 (20.0) | 449 (22.6) | 97 (20.3) | 90 (22.6) | 91 (22.4) | 90 (22.6) | 55 (16.4) | 90 (22.3) | 67 (21.7) | 90 (22.6) | 55 (18.7) | 89 (22.4) | ||||||||||||
| Male (%) | 1457 (80.0) | 1542 (77.5) | 380 (79.7) | 309 (77.4) | 316 (77.6) | 308 (77.4) | 280 (83.6) | 309 (77.4) | 242 (78.3) | 308 (77.4) | 239 (81.3) | 308 (77.6) | ||||||||||||
| P-value = 0.06c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 66.3 (8.3) | 65.4 (8.7) | 65.6 (8.7) | 65.3 (9.4) | 66.7 (8.1) | 65.3 (8.7) | 66.4 (8.0) | 64.8 (8.6) | 66.3 (8.3) | 66.0 (8.3) | 66.7 (8.5) | 65.8 (8.2) | ||||||||||||
| P-value = 0.003d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 25.8 (4.2) | 26.0 (4.0) | 25.5 (4.4) | 25.8 (3.9) | 26.2 (4.7) | 25.9 (4.6) | 25.5 (4.0) | 26.1 (3.6) | 25.7 (3.6) | 26.0 (3.6) | 26.1 (4.2) | 26.2 (4.0) | ||||||||||||
| P-value = 0.10d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Never smokers | 118 (6.5) | 624 (31.4) | 22 (4.6) | 104 (26.1) | 27 (6.7) | 114 (28.8) | 23 (6.9) | 139 (34.9) | 29 (9.4) | 134 (33.7) | 17 (6.1) | 129 (33.7) | ||||||||||||
| Former smokers | 797 (43.9) | 867 (43.6) | 177 (37.3) | 150 (37.7) | 171 (42.2) | 164 (41.4) | 152 (45.4) | 171 (43.0) | 140 (45.5) | 191 (48.0) | 153 (54.5) | 184 (48.0) | ||||||||||||
| Current smokers | 900 (49.6) | 496 (25.0) | 275 (58.0) | 144 (36.2) | 207 (51.1) | 118 (29.8) | 160 (47.8) | 88 (22.1) | 139 (45.1) | 73 (18.3) | 119 (40.6) | 73 (18.4) | ||||||||||||
| P-value ≤ 0.001c | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smoking intensity (py per day) in ever smokers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.62) | 0.75 (0.56) | 1.0 (0.75) | 0.75 (0.50) | 1.0 (0.50) | 0.75 (0.50) | 1.0 (0.58) | 0.75 (0.50) | 1.0 (0.51) | 0.75 (0.70) | 1.0 (0.75) | 0.75 (0.60) | ||||||||||||
| P-value ≤ 0.001e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smoking duration (years) in ever smokers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 44.0 (15.0) | 33.0 (23.0) | 45.0 (14.0) | 38.0 (23.0) | 45.0 (14.0) | 33.8 (21.0) | 44.0 (16.0) | 32.0 (22.0) | 42.0 (16.0) | 30.5 (22.5) | 43.0 (18.0) | 30.0 (22.0) | ||||||||||||
| P-value ≤ 0.001e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lifetime alcohol consumption (g/day) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 22.4 (32.4) | 17.2 (31.9) | 25.3 (33.1) | 16.7 (34.4) | 22.8 (32.5) | 15.9 (31.4) | 20.3 (30.3) | 18.4 (31.8) | 21.9 (31.4) | 17.8 (30.3) | 19.9 (32.9) | 17.2 (30.6) | ||||||||||||
| P-value ≤ 0.001e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total red meat consumptionf (frequency per day) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.91) | 0.85 (0.76) | 0.69 (0.77) | 0.63 (0.74) | 0.95 (0.76) | 0.79 (0.75) | 1.1 (0.95) | 0.88 (0.75) | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.91 (0.72) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.0 (0.79) | ||||||||||||
| P-value ≤ 0.001e | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
IQR, interquartile range; py, pack-years; SD, Standard Deviation.
Total fruits and vegetables: summary measure of apples, pears, bananas, kiwis, oranges/grapefruits, mandarins/clementines, grapes, peaches/clingstones, apricots, plums, strawberries, melons, fruit cocktails, tomatoes, peppers, carrots, salad, peas, beans/chick peas, mushrooms, broccoli, turnips, savoy, black cabbage, onions, cooked spinach/Swiss chard/beets/rabes, cooked eggplants/zucchini/string beans, artichokes/fennel and beets.
Quercetin-rich foods: Summary measure of apples, grapes, onions, artichoke/fennel/celery, beans, apricots, plums, turnips, peppers, strawberries, tomatoes and broccoli.
Chi-square test.
t-test.
Non-parametric Wilcoxon's test for two independent samples.
Total red meat: summary measure of beef steak, hamburger, pork chops, veal chop/cutlet, cooked ham (prosciutto cotto), smoked ham (prosciutto crudo), cured ham (speck), salami, baloney (mortadella), wurstel, salted sliced beef, coppa, pancetta and other types of processed meats.