Figure 5.

CpG→TpG misincorporation rate along Neandertal DNA molecules, genome-wide and inside CpG islands. DNA from a Neandertal bone was subjected to 454 adaptor ligation after enzymatic repair with PNK and T4 polymerase (‘no repair’) as well as those enzymes plus UDG and endoVIII. Approximately 12 million sequences were generated on the Illumina GAII platform for each condition, and sequences were identified that aligned best to the human nuclear genome sequence hg18 (left panels) or specifically to CpG islands in the human genome (right panels) (35). The rates of CpG→TpG mismatches are shown for the first 30 bases of DNA fragments.