Table 1.
Alkaloids detected in male and female Oophaga pumilio from Cayo Nancy, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Numb. refers to the number of individuals of each sex that contained a specific alkaloid. Quant. refers to the average quantity of alkaloids for individuals of each sex that contained a specific alkaloid. Iso. refers to isomers of an alkaloid. Alkaloid quantities are as follows: +++ > 50 µg per skin; ++ 5–50 µg per skin; + < 5 µg per skin
| Structural Class (Likely Arthropod Source) | Structural Class (Likely Arthropod Source) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloid | Male | Female | Alkaloid | Male | Female | ||||||
| Numb. | Quant. | Numb. | Quant. | Numb. | Quant. | Numb. | Quant. | ||||
| HTX (Ant) | 5,8-I (Mite) | ||||||||||
| 291A | 0 | − | 3 | + | 233D | 1 | + | 10 | + | ||
| 233D (iso) | 0 | – | 4 | + | |||||||
| DHQ (Ant) | 235B" | 12 | ++ | 12 | ++ | ||||||
| 195A | 13 | ++ | 13 | +++ | 251B | 4 | ++ | 9 | ++ | ||
| 211A | 6 | + | 5 | ++ | 251B (iso) | 2 | + | 8 | + | ||
| 275B | 1 | + | 1 | ++ | 251B (iso2) | 1 | + | 3 | + | ||
| 259B | 0 | – | 3 | ++ | |||||||
| 3,5-P (Ant) | |||||||||||
| cis-223H | 6 | + | 3 | ++ | D-5,8-I (Mite) | ||||||
| trans-223H | 1 | + | 1 | + | 233E | 0 | – | 3 | + | ||
| cis-251K | 1 | + | 1 | ++ | |||||||
| trans-251K | 2 | + | 1 | + | 5,6,8-I (Mite) | ||||||
| 223A | 0 | – | 2 | ++ | |||||||
| 4,6-Q (Ant) | 231B | 0 | – | 2 | + | ||||||
| 237I | 8 | ++ | 7 | + | 253H | 2 | + | 2 | + | ||
| 277E | 1 | + | 3 | + | |||||||
| Pyr (Ant) | |||||||||||
| 197B | 1 | + | 1 | + | Spiro (Millipede/Mite) | ||||||
| 236 | 5 | ++ | 8 | ++ | |||||||
| Pip (Ant) | 252A | 12 | + | 11 | ++ | ||||||
| 241D | 2 | + | 4 | + | |||||||
| Tri (Beetle/Mite) | |||||||||||
| PTX (Mite/Ant) | 191F | 1 | + | 2 | ++ | ||||||
| 251D | 3 | + | 2 | + | 205B | 8 | ++ | 12 | ++ | ||
| 307A | 12 | ++ | 13 | +++ | 223P | 2 | + | 2 | ++ | ||
| 307B | 1 | + | 1 | + | |||||||
| 307F" | 5 | + | 11 | + | Izidine (Unknowna) | ||||||
| 307F"' | 5 | + | 11 | ++ | 211Cb | 0 | – | 4 | ++ | ||
| 309A | 5 | + | 3 | ++ | |||||||
| 321A | 0 | – | 3 | + | Unclass (Unknowna) | ||||||
| 323A | 4 | ++ | 9 | +++ | 323Ib | 1 | ++ | 2 | + | ||
| 323A (iso) | 0 | – | 2 | ++ | 339F | 3 | + | 0 | – | ||
| aPTX (Mite) | |||||||||||
| 323B | 7 | ++ | 9 | ++ | |||||||
| 323B (iso) | 0 | – | 4 | ++ | |||||||
| 325A | 2 | + | 1 | ++ | |||||||
HTX, histrionicotoxins; DHQ, 2,5-disubstituted decahydroquinolines; 3,5-P, 3,5-disubstituted pyrrolizidines; 4,6-Q, 4,6-disubstituted quinolizidines; Pyr, pyrrolidines; Pip, Piperidines; PTX, pumiliotoxins; aPTX, allopumiliotoxins; 5,8-I, 5,8-disubstituted indolizidines; D-5,8-I, Dehydro-5,8-disubstituted indolizidines; 5,6,8-I, 5,6,8-trisubstituted indolizidines; Spiro, spiropyrrolizidines; Tri, tricyclics; Izidine, izidines; Unclass, unclassified.
A probable dietary origin has not been proposed for Izidine or Unclassified alkaloids.
Identified in an oribatid mite.22