Table 3.

Compounds that induce expression of bacterial drug efflux pumps

Inducer	Species	Efflux pump	References
Aminoglycosides	P. aeruginosa	MexXY	[578, 579]
Benzoate	B. fragilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae	Mar-associated pumps	[673, 761]
Bile salts	B. fragilis, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, Salmonella spp., V. cholerae	AcrAB, Bme, CmeABC, VexAB, VexCD	[566, 569, 762–764]
Chloramphenicol	B. cenocepacia, P. aeruginosa, P. putida	RND pumps such as MexXY, TtgABC	[274, 324, 578, 579]
Cytotoxic agents (ethidium bromide, rhodamine 6G and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride) and disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine)	B. subtilits, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus	Blt, Bmr, MexCD-OprJ, MepA, NorA, QacA, QacB	[1, 441, 442, 580, 631, 765]
Diazepam	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	Mar-associated pumps	[761]
Ethanol	E. coli	AcrAB	[566]
Fatty acids	E. coli	AcrAB	[762]
Fluoroquinolones	Salmonella spp., S. pneumoniae	AcrAB, PatAB	[483, 677]
Indole	E. coli, Salmonella spp.	AcrAB, AcrD, AcrEF, CusB, EmrK, MdtA, MdtE, MdtH	[685, 764, 766]
Macrolides	P. aeruginosa	MexXY	[578]
Phenolic acids (salicylic acid, t-cinnamic acid and benzoic acid)	Erwinia chrysanthemi	AcrAB, EmrAB	[767]
Phytoalexins: naringenin and phloretin	Erwinia amylovora	AcrAB	[596]
Salicylate	B. cenocepacia, B. fragilis; E. coli, C. jejuni, C. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, Salmonella spp., V. cholerae	AcrAB, CeoAB-OpcM, CmeABC, VceCAB, Mar-regulated pumps; MgrA/SarRA-regulated pumps, and unidentified pumps	[1, 210, 325, 673, 681, 761, 768–770]
Salt (NaCl)	A. baumannii, Chromohalobacter spp., E. coli	HrdC associated pump(s), AcrAB and other RND pumps	[566, 734, 771]
Tetracyclines	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. putida	Tet pumps, MexXY, TtgABC	[274, 578, 579]