Table 2.

Incidence of trophoblast cells in transcervical cell samples retrieved from mothers with male fetuses

Method of sample collection	Method of sample analysis		References
	FISH	PCR
Transcervical swabs	-	9/9	33
Cervical mucus	7/23	7/23	26
	16/67	16/67	14
Endocervical lavage (10 ml)	7/7	6/6	34
	5/6	6/6	27
	6/6	-	35
	8/8	-	36
Endocervical lavage (5 ml)	1/1	2/2	35
Endocervical Lavage (3 ml)	-	7/7	37
Cytobrush	4/6	6/6	26
	20/66	20/66	38
Aspiration	12/13	12/13	40
Uterine Lavage (5–8 ml)	10/12	-	14
Uterine lavage (10 ml)	13/13	-	25
	55/67	55/67	39
	-	73/73	33
Uterine lavage (20 ml)	5/5	-	26

FISH = fluorescence in-situ hybridization, PCR = polymerase chain reaction.