Table 1.

Disparities in pregnancy outcome, maternal outcome and obstetrical care, by race/ethnicity.

	American Indian/ Alaska Native	Asian/ Pacific Islander	Black	Hispanic
Pregnancy Outcomes
Congenital Abnormalities	↔	↔	↔	↑ (neural tube defects)
Fetal Demise	↔	↔	↑	↔
Preterm Birth	↑	↔	↑	↑ (Puerto Ricans)
Fetal Growth Restriction	↔	↔	↑	↔
Maternal Outcomes
Mortality	↔	↔	↑	↔
Hypertensive Disorders	↔	↔	↑	↔
Diabetes	↑	↑	↑	↑
Obesity	↑	↑	↑	↑
Obstetrical Care
Prenatal care entry after 1st trimester	↑	↔	↑	↑
1° Cesarean Delivery	↓	↓	↑	↔
Major Perineal Laceration	↔	↑	↓	↔

White women are the reference group. ↑ = higher risk, ↓ = lower risk; ↔ = available data do not support higher or lower risk.