Table 5.

Summary of Multivariate Findings Examining Differences in Care Utilization for White and Black Subjects With Low Back or Neck Pain (N=703)

	Any Health Care Provider Use?		Number of Health Care Provider Visits		Use of CT1 and/or MRI2		Use of Narcotics
	OR3 (95% CI)	P-value	β Coefficient (95% CI)	P-value	OR3 (95% CI)	P-value	OR3 (95% CI)	P-value
Independent Variable
Race (White or Black)	1.06 (0.60 – 1.88)	.85	1.03 (−5.74 – 7.79)	.77	1.09 (0.58 – 2.03)	.78	1.50 (0.85 – 2.65)	.16
Control Variables
Age	0.99 (0.97 – 1.01)	.16	−0.37 (−0.58 – −0.17)	<.001	1.00 (0.98 – 1.02)	.69	0.99 (0.96 – 1.01)	.27
Female	1.33 (0.81 – 2.2)	.26	1.07 (−5.65 – 7.79)	.75	0.63 (0.36 – 1.12)	.12	1.23 (0.71 – 2.15)	.46
No Insurance	0.26 (0.13 – 0.53)	<.001	11.16 (−19.8 – −2.51)	.01	1.22 (0.49 – 3.04)	.67	0.87 (0.34 – 2.2)	.77
Years of education	1.32 (1.11 – 1.58)	.002	2.07 (−0.16 – 4.3)	.07	1.15 (.98 – 1.35)	.09	1.03 (0.87 – 1.22)	.72
Degree of disability4	1.74 (1.31 – 2.32)	<.001	3.62 (0.74 – 6.5)	.01	1.40 (1.0 – 1.95)	.05	1.36 (1.01 – 1.83)	.05
Average pain intensity5	0.97 (0.86 – 1.1)	.66	0.04 (−1.33 – 1.41)	.95	0.98 (0.84 – 1.14)	.79	1.14 (0.98 – 1.33)	.10
Comorbidities	1.20 (0.96 – 1.5)	.12	0.45 (−2.04 – 2.94)	.72	1.16 (0.93 – 1.45)	.20	1.14 (0.92 – 1.39)	.23

¹Computed axial tomography scan

²Magnetic Resonance Imaging

³Odds ratio

⁴Measured by Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire or Neck Disability Index and converted to z-score

⁵In past 3 months on 0–10 scale