Table 5.
Any Health Care Provider Use? | Number of Health Care Provider Visits | Use of CT1 and/or MRI2 | Use of Narcotics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR3 (95% CI) | P-value | β Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | OR3 (95% CI) | P-value | OR3 (95% CI) | P-value | |
Independent Variable | ||||||||
Race (White or Black) | 1.06 (0.60 – 1.88) | .85 | 1.03 (−5.74 – 7.79) | .77 | 1.09 (0.58 – 2.03) | .78 | 1.50 (0.85 – 2.65) | .16 |
Control Variables | ||||||||
Age | 0.99 (0.97 – 1.01) | .16 | −0.37 (−0.58 – −0.17) | <.001 | 1.00 (0.98 – 1.02) | .69 | 0.99 (0.96 – 1.01) | .27 |
Female | 1.33 (0.81 – 2.2) | .26 | 1.07 (−5.65 – 7.79) | .75 | 0.63 (0.36 – 1.12) | .12 | 1.23 (0.71 – 2.15) | .46 |
No Insurance | 0.26 (0.13 – 0.53) | <.001 | 11.16 (−19.8 – −2.51) | .01 | 1.22 (0.49 – 3.04) | .67 | 0.87 (0.34 – 2.2) | .77 |
Years of education | 1.32 (1.11 – 1.58) | .002 | 2.07 (−0.16 – 4.3) | .07 | 1.15 (.98 – 1.35) | .09 | 1.03 (0.87 – 1.22) | .72 |
Degree of disability4 | 1.74 (1.31 – 2.32) | <.001 | 3.62 (0.74 – 6.5) | .01 | 1.40 (1.0 – 1.95) | .05 | 1.36 (1.01 – 1.83) | .05 |
Average pain intensity5 | 0.97 (0.86 – 1.1) | .66 | 0.04 (−1.33 – 1.41) | .95 | 0.98 (0.84 – 1.14) | .79 | 1.14 (0.98 – 1.33) | .10 |
Comorbidities | 1.20 (0.96 – 1.5) | .12 | 0.45 (−2.04 – 2.94) | .72 | 1.16 (0.93 – 1.45) | .20 | 1.14 (0.92 – 1.39) | .23 |
Computed axial tomography scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Odds ratio
Measured by Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire or Neck Disability Index and converted to z-score
In past 3 months on 0–10 scale