Table 3.

Methodological characteristics of chemical and biological therapeutic tools*

Therapeutic modulation	Chemical-biological characteristics	Strategies	Delivery system	Clinical application	References
2'-Ome AMOs	Modified 2-OH residues of the ribose 2'-O-methyl	Inhibition of mature miRNA	RNA-liposome complex; conjugation of a cholesterol	Silence oncomiR	[81-83]
2'-MOE AMOs	Modified 2-OH residues of the ribose 2'-O-methoxyethyl	Inhibition of mature miRNA	Oligonucleotide-liposome complex; conjugation of a cholesterol	Silence oncomiR	[81-83]
AMOs (RNase H-based)	Contains a short stretch of centrally located 2' deoxy residues	Inhibition of pri-miRNA	Oligonucleotide-liposome complex; conjugation of a cholesterol	Silence polycistronic miRNA cluster	[61,84]
LNA-antagomiR	Contains one or more nucleotide building blocks in which an extra methylene bridge fixes the ribose moiety either in C3'-endo or C2'-endo conformation1	Inhibition of mature miRNA	Unconjugated	Silence oncomiR	[63]
pre-miRNA-like shRNAs	Natural pre-miRNA, for a more persistent miRNA replacement	Replacement of mature miRNA	Plasmid or viral vector with either polymerase II or III promoter upstream of a shRNA	Restore tumor suppressor miRNA	[85,86]
Double-stranded miRNA mimetics	Equivalent to endogenous Dicer product; analogous structure to an siRNA	Replacement of mature miRNA	Oligonucleotide-liposome complex; conjugation of a cholesterol; linking with delivery proteins; other nanotechnology-based conjugation; transgene approach	Restore tumor suppressor miRNA	[87]
Synthetic miRNAs	Designed related target mRNA	Selected silence target	Conjugation of a protein interaction target	Tumor suppressor role	[64,65]
'miRNA sponges'	Multiple miRNA binding sites into the 3' UTR of a reporter gene encoding destabilized GFP driven by the CMV promoter	Inhibition of mature miRNA cluster	Sponge plasmid vector	Silence oncomiR family	[66]

*Abbreviations: GFP, green fluorescent protein; CMV, cytomegalovirus.

¹C3'-endo (beta-D-LNA) or C2'-endo (alpha-L-LNA) stereoisomer.