Table 3.
Combined multiple logistic regression model including socio-demographic and behavioral variables for association with seroprevalent HSV-2 and syphilis in women.
| Factor | N (% of Total) | HSV-2* | Syphilis † | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (% HSV-2) | Odds of having HSV-2 with univariate analysis (95% CI) | Adjusted odds of having HSV-2 with multiple logistic regression (95% CI) | N (% Syphilis) | Odds of having syphilis with univariate analysis (95% CI) | Adjusted odds of having syphilis with multiple logistic regression (95% CI) | ||
| Women (N = 6,382) ‡ | |||||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 15-19 | 1,159 (18.2) | 48 (4.1) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 6 (0.5) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 20-24 | 1,162 (18.2) | 62 (5.3) | 1.30 (0.89-1.92) | 0.91 (0.58-1.44) | 14 (1.2) | 2.34 (0.90-6.12) | 1.55 (0.54-4.45) |
| 25-29 | 1,027 (16.1) | 88 (8.6) | 2.17 (1.51-3.12) | 1.67 (1.07-2.61) § | 9 (0.9) | 1.70 (0.60-4.79) | 0.85 (0.27-2.68) |
| 30-34 | 886 (13.9) | 110 (12.4) | 3.28(2.31-4.66) | 2.51 (1.61-3.90) || | 19 (2.1) | 4.21 (1.67-10.59) | 1.88 (0.65-5.44) |
| 35-39 | 864 (13.5) | 118 (13.7) | 3.66 (2.58-5.19) | 3.13 (2.01-4.86) || | 13 (1.5) | 2.94 (1.11-7.75) | 1.45 (0.49-4.33) |
| 40-44 | 757 (11.9) | 99 (13.1) | 3.48 (2.43-4.98) | 2.77 (1.76-4.39) || | 19 (2.5) | 4.95 (1.97-12.45) | 2.90 (1.01-8.36) § |
| 45-49 | 527 (8.3) | 59 (11.2) | 2.92 (1.96-4.34) | 2.12 (1.29-3.51) § | 6 (1.1) | 2.21 (0.71-6.89) | 1.39 (0.40-4.88) |
| Standard of Living Index§ | |||||||
| 0-16 | 1,705 (26.7) | 172 (10.1) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 33 (1.9) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 17-22 | 1,603 (25.1) | 154 (9.6) | 0.95 (0.75-1.19) | 0.87 (0.66-1.15) | 25 (1.6) | 0.80 (0.48-1.36) | |
| 23-29 | 1,522 (23.8) | 144 (9.5) | 0.93 (0.74-1.18) | 0.93 (0.69-1.26) | 16 (1.1) | 0.54 (0.30-0.98) | |
| 30-54 | 1,552 (24.3) | 114 (7.3) | 0.71 (0.55-0.90) | 0.61 (0.42-0.90) § | 12 (0.8) | 0.39 (0.20-0.77) | |
| Education | |||||||
| None | 2737 (42.9) | 296 (10.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 48 (1.8) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Class 1-10 | 2825 (44.3) | 241 (8.5) | 0.77 (0.64-0.92) | 35 (1.2) | 0.70 (0.45-1.09) | ||
| Class 11-12 | 335 (5.2) | 20 (6.0) | 0.52 (0.33-0.84) | 3 (0.9) | 0.51 (0.16-1.63) | ||
| More than Class 12 | 484 (7.6) | 27 (5.6) | 0.52 (0.33-0.84) | 0 (0.0) | Model doesn't converge | ||
| Occupation | |||||||
| Other than those below | 5666 (88.8) | 459 (8.1) | 1.00 (ref) | 73 (1.3) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Field Related | 92 (1.4) | 15 (6.3) | 2.21 (1.26-3.87) | 4 (4.4) | 3.53 (1.26-9.88) | ||
| Begging/Sex Work | 19 (0.3) | 5 (26.3) | 4.05 (1.45-11.30) | 1 (5.3) | 4.32 (0.57-32.8) | ||
| Unskilled Labor | 605 (9.5) | 105 (17.4) | 2.38 (1.89-3.0) | 8 (1.4) | 1.17 (0.58-2.36) | ||
| Caste | |||||||
| Forward | 2398 (37.6) | 198 (8.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 25 (1.0) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Backward | 1572 (24.6) | 164 (10.4) | 1.29 (1.04-1.61) | 1.03 (0.80-1.33) | 31 (2.0) | 1.91 (1.12-3.25) | |
| Scheduled | 1315 (20.6) | 125 (9.5) | 1.17 (0.92-1.48) | 1.29 (0.98-1.71) | 18 (1.4) | 1.32 (0.72-2.42) | |
| Scheduled Tribe | 220 (3.4) | 22 (10.0) | 1.23 (0.78-1.96) | 1.03 (0.61-1.73) | 1 (0.5) | 0.43 (0.06-3.21) | |
| None | 877 (13.7) | 75 (8.6) | 1.04 (0.79-1.37) | 0.70 (0.51-0.96) § | 11 (1.3) | 1.21 (0.59-2.46) | |
| Place of Residence | |||||||
| Rural | 3,178 (49.8) | 167 (5.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 41 (1.3) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Urban | 3,204 (50.2) | 417 (13.0) | 2.70 (2.24-3.25) | 3.62 (2.76-4.76) || | 45 (1.4) | 1.09 (0.71-1.67) | |
| Health and Hygiene | |||||||
| History of Transfusion | |||||||
| No | 5,873 (92.0) | 517 (8.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 81 (1.4) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 507 (7.9) | 67 (13.2) | 1.28 (0.95-1.72) | 5 (1.0) | 0.71 (0.29-1.77) | ||
| Toilet Facility at Home | |||||||
| Own Flush | 1,506 (23.7) | 146 (9.7) | 1.00 (ref) | 9 (0.6) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Share Flush/Own Pit Toilet | 1,982 (31.1) | 236 (11.9) | 1.26 (1.01-1.57) | 33 (1.7) | 0.66 (0.52-0.83) | ||
| Share Pit Toilet | 363 (5.7) | 32 (8.8) | 0.90 (0.60-1.34) | 4 (1.1) | 1.85 (0.57-6.05) | ||
| None | 2,512 (39.5) | 166 (6.6) | 0.66 (0.52-0.83) | 39 (1.6) | 2.62 (1.27-5.43) | ||
| Chew Tobacco | |||||||
| Never | 6,305 (98.9) | 566 (9.0) | 1.00 (ref) | 83 (1.3) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Ever | 67 (1.1) | 17 (25.4) | 1.77 (0.94-3.33) | 2 (3.0) | 2.31 (0.56-9.58) | ||
| Sexual Risk | |||||||
| Lifetime Male Partners | |||||||
| 0 | 759 (12.2) | 30 (4.0) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 2 (0.3) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 1 | 4,909 (78.9) | 452 (9.2) | 2.47 (1.69-3.60) | 1.57 (0.91-2.73) | 62 (1.3) | 4.82 (1.18-19.76) | |
| >1 | 551 (8.9) | 88 (15.6) | 4.68 (3.04-7.20) | 2.61 (1.39-4.87) § | 18 (3.3) | 13.23 (3.06-57.26) | |
| Condom Use | |||||||
| No sex in last 6 months | 1449 (24.8) | 143 (9.9) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 17 (1.2) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Sometimes/Often Use Condoms | 124 (1.0) | 21 (16.9) | 1.86 (1.13-3.07) | 1.12 (0.60-2.11) | 4 (3.2) | 2.81 (0.93-8.48) | |
| Never Use Condoms | 4,653 (74.7) | 406 (8.7) | 0.87 (0.71-1.07) | 0.69 (0.53-0.91) § | 61 (1.3) | 1.12 (0.65-1.92) | |
| HIV/STI serostatus | |||||||
| HIV 1/2 | 111 (1.7) | 66 (59.5) | 16.29 (11.03-24.04) | 14.07 (8.84-22.40) || | 21 (18.9) | 22.28 (13.06-38.01) | 8.19 (4.29-15.65) || |
| HSV-2 | 584 (9.2) | - | 44 (7.5) | 11.17 (7.25-17.20) | 6.33 (3.79-10.58) || | ||
| Syphilis | 86 (1.3) | 44 (51.2) | 11.17 (7.25-17.20) | 6.66 (3.88-11.42) || | - | ||
*Variables included in final HSV-2 model: lifetime male partners, condom use, HIV 1/2 serostatus, syphilis serostatus, age, SLI, caste, place of residence.
†Variables included in final syphilis model: HIV 1/2 serostatus, HSV-2 serostatus, age
‡ Data missing for women: 2 for transfusion, 19 for toilet facility, 10 for chew tobacco, 163 for lifetime male partners, 156 for condom use, and 1 for education Reflects number who responded to all items in table; the total for sub-categories may not add up to 12,617 due to some missing data.
§p < 0.05 in final model
|| p < 0.001 in final model
Based on living conditions and assets, which was adapted from an index used previously by the National Health and Family Life Survey in India.[14]