Figure 4.

Gene expression profiling the effects of levetiracetam on kindling-induced genes. Quantitative RT-PCR of RNA from the contralateral hippocampus of levetiracetam and vehicle treated amygdala-kindled rats with primers against 8 seizure-induced genes and GAPDH and SV2A as controls. All data are expressed relative to animal FL3, normalized to β-actin levels and expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 16). Asterisks indicate a statistical significant difference in mean values between vehicle and levetiracetam groups. (p < 0.05, *; p < 0.01, **; Paired t-test).