Figure 5.

Single animal profiling the effects of levetiracetam on kindling-induced genes in amygdala-kindled rats. Quantitative RT-PCR of RNA from the contralateral hippocampus of levetiracetam and vehicle treated amygdala-kindled rats with primers against 8 seizure-induced genes and GAPDH and SV2A as control. Vehicle treated rats and levetiracetam treated animal pairs are numbered according to Table 1. In the vehicle and the levetiracetam groups shaded, grey and black bars represent stage 3, stage 5 and fully kindled animals, respectively. White bars represent lower than stage 3. All data are expressed relative to animal FL3, normalized to β-actin levels and expressed as mean ± SEM.