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. 2010 Jan 27;11:9. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-9

Table 2.

Effects of levetiracetam on kindling-induced IEG expression in the hippocampi of kindled rats

Ipsilateral Contralateral


Functional group mRNA Vehicle† Levetiracetam† % reduction % reduction
Egr3/Pilot 6.9 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.2 66 69
Transcription factors c-fos 5.8 ± 0.7 1.3 ± 0.1 77 67
Egr2/krox-20 12.5 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 0.2 75 88

NGF 1.4 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0 45 9
Neurotrophic factors BDNF 7.4 ± 0.8 2.4 ± 0.1 67 70
NT-3 0.7 ± 0 0.9 ± 0.1 -22 -31

TGF-β β-A activin 13.1 ± 1.1 3 ± 0.1 77 89
superfamily TIEG1 6.2 ± 0.5 1.5 ± 0.1 76 72

Inflammatory TNF-α 4 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.1 74 54
response Cox-2 7.6 ± 0.5 2 ± 0.1 74 83

Homer-1a 10.6 ± 1 2.9 ± 0.2 73 77
GPCR interactions Ania-3 3.2 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.1 21 32
RGS-2 3.2 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 73 61

Extracellular MMP-9 6.7 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.2 67 59
proteins Narp 20.5 ± 1.8 2.5 ± 0.1 88 90

Cell adhesion Protocadherin-8 5.1 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.1 78 80
proteins Arc 15.9 ± 1.7 2.9 ± 0.1 82 78

Synaptopodin 2.1 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 33 38
Others Pim-1 kinase 4.3 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0 70 71
GAPDH 1.2 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0 22 14

relative expression ± SEM to control start normalized to β-actin