Table 4.

Adjusted Associations of Predisposing, Enabling and Reinforcing factors with mammography referrals by office-based primary care physicians, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey 2001–2003

	Office-Based Primary Care Physicians
	Odds Ratioa	95% CI	p-Valueb
Predisposing Factors
Patient Age (yrs)			0.066
40–49	1.00	Reference
50–59	1.38	1.05–1.81
60–69	1.31	0.89–1.93
≥ 70	0.92	0.52–1.64
Patient Race			0.931
White only	1.00	Reference
Black only	1.03	0.65–1.64
Asian/Pacific Islander only	1.12	0.61–2.05
Patient Ethnicity			0.246
Hispanic	0.74	0.44–1.24
Not Hispanic	1.00	Reference
Educationc			0.934
Per 10% increase in high school graduates	0.99	0.86–1.15
Reason for visit			<0.001
Chronic problem	2.18	1.53–3.12
Acute problem	1.00	Reference
Preventive care	13.79	9.81–19.38
Enabling Factors
Incomec			0.662
Per $10,000 increase in median income	1.02	0.93–1.12
Expected source of payment			0.039
Medicare	2.30	0.86–6.17
Medicaid	1.66	0.63–4.42
Private	2.86	1.30–6.28
Other	3.35	0.99–11.33
Self/uninsured	1.00	Reference
# of visits in prior 12 monthsd			<0.001
New patient	0.66	0.42–1.02
0	1.00	Reference
1–2	0.77	0.53–1.12
3–5	0.50	0.32–0.78
≥ 6	0.34	0.21–0.57
Time spent with physician			<0.001
< 15 minutes	1.00	Reference
15–<30 minutes	1.80	1.27–2.54
≥ 30 minutes	2.26	1.49–3.44
Reinforcing Factors
Physician gender			0.021
Male	0.62	0.42–0.93
Female	1.00	Reference
Physician age (yrs)			0.022
< 45	1.00	Reference
45–54	1.47	1.03–2.11
≥ 55	1.69	1.12–2.56
PCP status			0.380
PCP for that patient	1.19	0.80–1.77
Not PCP for that patient	1.00	Reference
Physician specialty			<0.001
Internal Medicine	0.69	0.44–1.09
General/family practice	1.00	Reference
Obstetrics and gynecology	2.76	1.64–4.65
Solo vs group practice			0.330
Solo	1.18	0.84–1.65
Group	1.00	Reference
MSAe			0.281
MSA	1.27	0.82–1.98
Non-MSA	1.00	Reference
Geographic region			0.070
Northeast	1.00	Reference
Midwest	1.65	1.12–2.41
South	1.33	0.88–2.01
West	1.18	0.80–1.74
Year			0.405
2001	1.00	Reference
2002	0.89	0.62–1.29
2003	0.74	0.48–1.15

^aAdjusted for factors in the table.

^bP-values presented in the modeling table are for simultaneously testing that all beta coefficients associated with a given variable are equal to 0. Statistical testing for all models was performed using the Wald chi-square test.

^cBased on zip code level data from the 2000 Census.

^dDoes not include index visit.

^eMSA = metropolitan statistical area.