FIG. 5.

Activation of protein kinases by IH_15s. Effects of IH_15s on the activity of protein kinase A (PKA; A), Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII; B), and MAP kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2; C) in the dorsal and ventral medulla are shown. Active PKA and CaMKII were determined using commercially available Kinase Assay Kit as per manufacturer's instructions. Activity of ERK1/2 was assessed by immunoblot analysis using antibodies specific for total- and phospho-ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2). All measurements were made in triplicate and average data are shown as mean ± S.E. (n = 7 rats in each group). Asterisks denote p > 0.01.