Table 3. Prevalence and mean scores of depressive symptoms and anxiety by glucose metabolism status for the total study population and stratified according to sex.
| Total | Male | Female | ||||||||||
| NGM (N = 2061) | IGM (N = 425) | DM2 (N = 181) | P | NGM (N = 923) | IGM (N = 241) | DM2 (N = 97) | P | NGM (N = 1138) | IGM (N = 184) | DM2 (N = 84) | P | |
| CES-D | ||||||||||||
| ≥16 (%) | 12.5 | 12.2 | 21.0a | 0.004 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 19.6a | <0.001 | 16.4 | 15.8 | 22.6 | 0.318 |
| Mean±SD | 7.3±7.5 | 7.0±7.1 | 9.4±8.9a | 0.001 | 6.1±6.6 | 6.1±6.7 | 8.4±8.8a | 0.007 | 8.3±8.1 | 8.1±7.5 | 10.6±9.0a | 0.043 |
| HADS-A | ||||||||||||
| ≥8 (%) | 15.0 | 15.3 | 19.9 | 0.216 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 16.5 | 0.155 | 18.9 | 20.1 | 23.8 | 0.524 |
| Mean±SD | 4.2±3.5 | 3.9±3.6 | 4.4±3.9 | 0.196 | 3.7±3.2 | 3.5±3.4 | 4.0±3.7 | 0.389 | 4.6±3.6 | 4.5±3.8 | 4.9±3.7 | 0.689 |
Data are %, means ± SD. P = p-values based on one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2-tests for categorical variables. a significantly different comparing IGM vs. DM2. Abbreviations: NGM, normal glucose metabolism; IGM, impaired glucose metabolism; DM2, type 2 diabetes; SD, standard deviation; HADS-A. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety Subscale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.