Table 2.
Core signaling pathways and processes genetically altered in most pancreatic cancers. A complete listing of the gene sets defining these signaling pathways and processes and the statistical significance of each gene set are provided in table S8.
| Regulatory process or pathway | Number of genetically altered genes detected | Fraction of tumors with genetic alteration of at least one of the genes | Representative altered genes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apoptosis | 9 | 100% | CASP10, VCP, CAD, HIP1 |
| DNA damage control | 9 | 83% | ERCC4, ERCC6, EP300, RANBP2, TP53 |
| Regulation of G1/S phase transition | 19 | 100% | CDKN2A, FBXW7, CHD1, APC2 |
| Hedgehog signaling | 19 | 100% | TBX5, SOX3, LRP2, GLI1, GLI3, BOC, BMPR2, CREBBP |
| Homophilic cell adhesion | 30 | 79% | CDH1, CDH10, CDH2, CDH7, FAT, PCDH15, PCDH17, PCDH18, PCDH9, PCDHB16, PCDHB2, PCDHGA1, PCDHGA11, PCDHGC4 |
| Integrin signaling | 24 | 67% | ITGA4, ITGA9, ITGA11, LAMA1, LAMA4, LAMA5, FN1, ILK |
| c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling | 9 | 96% | MAP4K3, TNF, ATF2, NFATC3 |
| KRAS signaling | 5 | 100% | KRAS, MAP2K4, RASGRP3 |
| Regulation of invasion | 46 | 92% | ADAM11, ADAM12, ADAM19, ADAM5220, ADAMTS15, DPP6, MEP1A, PCSK6, APG4A, PRSS23 |
| Small GTPase–dependent signaling (other than KRAS) | 33 | 79% | AGHGEF7, ARHGEF9, CDC42BPA, DEPDC2, PLCB3, PLCB4, RP1, PLXNB1, PRKCG |
| TGF-β signaling | 37 | 100% | TGFBR2, BMPR2, SMAD4, SMAD3 |
| Wnt/Notch signaling | 29 | 100% | MYC, PPP2R3A, WNT9A, MAP2, TSC2, GATA6, TCF4 |