Clonogenic capacity and phenotypic characterization of airway SP cells. CD45− SP and non-SP colonies were characterized as either cobblestone (A) or stellate (B) in appearance. CD45− SP colonies were stained with antibodies for basal epithelial markers ΔNp63 (C), cytokeratin-5 (D), CD151 (E), tissue factor (F), E-cadherin (G), ZO-1 (H), and breast cancer resistance protein 1 (I). There was no expression of mesenchymal marker vimentin, as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (J). (K): Colony-forming capacity of 1 × 102 CD45− SP cells over five passages. This staining pattern was consistent over 16 passages. Abbreviations: GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; p, passage; SP, side population; -ve, negative.