TABLE 1.
Summary of ceftaroline and comparator agent MICs, by species or group
| Organism | No. of isolates | MIC (μg/ml) |
% susceptible | % resistant | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | 50% | 90% | ||||
| Gram-negative bacteria | ||||||
| Bacteroides fragilis | 30 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 4->64 | 16 | 64 | NAa | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64)b | 4->64 | 32 | 64 | 27 | 43 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06->128 | 1 | 128 | 63 | 37 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.25-2 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.5-64 | 0.5 | 2 | 93 | 7 | |
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 32->64 | 64 | >64 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 64->64 | >64 | >64 | 0 | 100 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06->128 | 4 | 128 | 45 | 45 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.5-1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.5-8 | 2 | 4 | 95 | 0 | |
| Bacteroides fragilis group spp.c | 26 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 2->64 | 64 | >64 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 4->64 | >64 | >64 | 23 | 58 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06->128 | 4 | >128 | 42 | 50 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.5-2 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.125-32 | 2 | 8 | 77 | 4 | |
| Prevotella bivia | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.125->64 | 2 | 64 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.125->64 | 2 | >64 | 75 | 15 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | >128 | 85 | 15 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | ≤0.03-4 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-4 | 0.25 | 4 | 100 | 0 | |
| Prevotella buccae | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.125->64 | 0.5 | 64 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.125->64 | 0.25 | 64 | 50 | 30 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | >128 | 80 | 20 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.25-1 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.06-4 | 0.06 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Prevotella melaninogenica | 18 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-32 | 2 | 32 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-32 | 2 | 32 | 78 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | >128 | 72 | 28 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.06-2 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-2 | 0.125 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Prevotella intermedia | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-64 | 1 | 16 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-64 | 1 | 16 | 80 | 10 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | 16 | 85 | 15 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-2 | 0.25 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-1 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Prevotella spp.d | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-32 | 2 | 32 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-64 | 1 | 8 | 90 | 5 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | 128 | 70 | 30 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.06-8 | 0.5 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-2 | 0.125 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Porphyromonas asaccharolytica | 21 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-0.5 | 0.015 | 0.03 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | >128 | 81 | 19 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | ≤0.03-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.125 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-≤0.03 | ≤0.03 | ≤0.03 | 100 | 0 | |
| Porphyromonas somerae | 10 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-16 | 0.015 | 16 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-64 | 0.015 | 64 | 80 | 20 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | ≤0.03 | >128 | 80 | 20 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.25-0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.5 | ≤0.03 | 0.125 | 100 | 0 | |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | 22 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-0.125 | ≤0.008 | 0.125 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.015-1 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03-0.5 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | ≤0.03-0.25 | ≤0.03 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.5 | ≤0.03 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Fusobacterium necrophorum | 22 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-0.125 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03-0.25 | ≤0.03 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.06-0.25 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-1 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Fusobacterium mortiferum | 10 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 1-64 | 8 | 32 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 16->64 | >64 | >64 | 10 | 90 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03-0.25 | 0.06 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.25-2 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.25-8 | 4 | 8 | 80 | 0 | |
| Fusobacterium varium | 10 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.15-8 | 1 | 8 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06-64 | 2 | 4 | 90 | 10 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.125-2 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Veillonella spp. | 19 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-1 | 0.125 | 0.5 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-8 | 4 | 8 | 79 | 16 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 0.125 | 128 | 79 | 21 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 1-8 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-8 | 0.25 | 4 | 95 | 0 | |
| Gram-positive bacteria | ||||||
| Anaerococcus prevotii-Anaerococcus tetradiuse | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-2 | 0.03 | 0.125 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-32 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 95 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 0.5 | 128 | 60 | 40 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-4 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-8 | ≤0.03 | 0.125 | 95 | 0 | |
| Finegoldia magna | 19 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.03-1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 2-8 | 4 | 8 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06->128 | 2 | >128 | 53 | 37 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.06-1 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.25 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Parvimonas micra | 22 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-0.5 | 0.06 | 0.25 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.125-2 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06-128 | 0.25 | 16 | 86 | 14 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-1 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus | 21 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.25 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-1 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 0.125 | >128 | 76 | 24 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-2 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.06 | ≤0.03 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius-Peptostreptococcus stomatisf | 23 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.125-8 | 0.5 | 4 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.5-16 | 2 | 8 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03-32 | ≤0.03 | 0.25 | 96 | 4 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-1 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-32 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 91 | 9 | |
| Anaerobic Gram-positive coccig | 22 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-8 | 0.06 | 1 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-64 | 0.25 | 16 | 91 | 5 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 0.125 | 64 | 73 | 27 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.25->64 | 1 | 4 | 91 | 9 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-4 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Actinomyces spp.h | 13 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-0.25 | 0.015 | 0.25 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-0.5 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 0.06 | 128 | 77 | 23 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | >32->32 | >32 | >32 | 0 | 100 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.5 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Propionibacterium acnes | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-0.125 | ≤0.008 | 0.06 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-0.125 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.125->128 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 95 | 5 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | >32->32 | >32 | >32 | 0 | 100 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.25 | ≤0.03 | 0.06 | 100 | 0 | |
| Propionibacterium avidum | 11 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.125-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | >32->32 | >32 | >32 | 0 | 100 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Eggerthella lenta | 17 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 2-16 | 8 | 16 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 16->64 | >64 | >64 | 6 | 94 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.06-8 | 0.5 | 2 | 94 | 6 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.5-1 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.5-1 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| “Eubacterium” groupi | 25 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-0.25 | 0.125 | 0.25 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.03-16 | 0.5 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 0.06 | 2 | 92 | 8 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-4 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Lactobacillus casei-Lactobacillus rhamnosus groupj | 10 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.25-8 | 0.5 | 1 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 8->64 | 32 | 64 | 40 | 30 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.25-2 | 1 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | >64->64 | >64 | >64 | 0 | 100 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.25-2 | 0.5 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clostridium perfringens | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | ≤0.008-0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | ≤0.008-4 | 0.5 | 2 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03-2 | 0.25 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.5-4 | 2 | 4 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.125 | 0.03 | 0.125 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clostridium ramosum | 21 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 1-2 | 1 | 1 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.25-0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 1->128 | 4 | 8 | 24 | 43 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.5-2 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clostridium innocuum | 21 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.5-4 | 1 | 2 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 8-32 | 8 | 16 | 95 | 0 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | 0.125->128 | 0.5 | >128 | 86 | 14 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.5-4 | 1 | 4 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.125-1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clostridium clostridioforme groupk | 20 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.25-2 | 1 | 2 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 2->64 | 4 | 32 | 75 | 10 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03-4 | 0.5 | 2 | 95 | 0 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | ≤0.03-0.25 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | 0.25-1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100 | 0 | |
| Clostridium spp., otherl | 24 | |||||
| Ceftaroline | 0.015-16 | 0.5 | 16 | NA | NA | |
| Ceftriaxone (≤16, ≥64) | 0.015->64 | 2 | 64 | 75 | 21 | |
| Clindamycin (≤2, ≥8) | ≤0.03->128 | 2 | 128 | 54 | 38 | |
| Metronidazole (≤8, ≥32) | 0.125-4 | 0.5 | 4 | 100 | 0 | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate (≤4/2, ≥16/8) | ≤0.03-2 | 0.125 | 1 | 100 | 0 | |
a
NA, not applicable.
b
Values in parentheses are the breakpoints for susceptibility, resistance (in μg/ml).
c
Bacteroides caccae (n = 6), B. distasonis (n = 3), B. merdae (n = 1), B. ovatus (n = 5), B. uniformis (n = 4), and B. vulgatus (n = 7).
d
Prevotella bergensis (n = 2), P. corporis (n = 1), P. denticola (n = 5), P. disiens (n = 5), P. loescheii (n = 3), P. nanceiensis (n = 2), P. oris (n = 1), and P. tannerae (n = 1).
e
Anaerococcus prevotii (n = 12) and A. tetradius (n = 8).
f
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (n = 17) and P. stomatis (n = 6).
g
Anaerococcus lactolyticus (n = 1), Anaerococcus murdochii (n = 1), Anaerococcus octavius (n = 1), Anaerococcus vaginalis (n = 5), Anaerococcus species, no PCR match (n = 3), Gemella morbillorum (n = 1), Gemella sanguinis (n = 1), Peptoniphilus harei (n = 7), and Peptoniphilus lacrimalis (n = 2).
h
Actinomyces israelii (n = 1), A. meyeri (n = 2), A. neuii subsp. anitratus (n = 2), A. odontolyticus (n = 3), and A. turicensis (n = 5).
i
Atopobium parvulum (n = 1), Collinsella aerofaciens (n = 4), Eubacterium contortum (n = 1), Eubacterium cylindroides (n = 1), Eubacterium limosum (n = 8), Eubacterium saburreum (n = 2), Mogibacterium timidum (n = 3), Slackia exigua (n = 4), and Solobacterium moorei (n = 1).
j
Lactobacillus casei (n = 3) and L. rhamnosus (n = 7).
k
Clostridium aldenense (n = 4), C. bolteae (n = 5), C. citroniae (n = 3), C. hathewayi (n = 4), and C. clostridioforme (n = 4).
l
Clostridium barati (n = 1), C. bifermentans (n = 1), C. butyricum (n = 2), C. cadaveris (n = 2), C. celerecrescens (n = 1), C. difficile (n = 4), C. glycolicum (n = 2), C. hylemonae (n = 2), C. paraputrificum (n = 2), C. sordellii (n = 1), C. sphenoides (n = 1), C. subterminale (n = 1), C. symbiosum (n = 2), and C. tertium (n = 2).