Table 1.

Vasculitis and pathophysiology

Group	Example	Lesion location	Preferred population	Vascular complication	Risk factor
Large vessel	Giant cell arteritis	Aorta and major branches	Caucasian, >50 y/o	Accelerated atherosclerosis high aortic aneurysms but low IMT	Diabetes, hypertension, high c-reactive protein (CRP) and autoantibody titters
	Takayasu arteritis	Aorta, pulmonary, coronary, and cervical arteries	Young women 15–45 y/o Asian Latin Americans	Accelerated atherosclerosis vasa vasorum EC injury thrombus formation thoracic dilatation, rupture	Viral infection and genetic factor
Medium-sized vessel	Kawasaki disease	Subclavian, mesenteric, iliac, temporal arteries	Infants and <5 y/o Asian Latin Americans	Coronary artery dilatation cardiac failure high IMT and arterial stiffness	Diabetes, hypertension, high CRP, autoantibody titters
	Polyarteritis Nodosa	Temporal arteries and medium-to-small muscular arteries in kidney, gastrointestinal tract, skin, nerve, joint, and muscle	Children and adults affected with hepatitis B or HIV or streptococcal virus	Unknown relationship with atherosclerosis	Viral infection
Small vessel	Grouped according to whether they contain ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody)	Small arteries in skin, intestine, kidney. respiratory tract, or any other organs	Children and adults affected with hepatitis C	CVD as a major cause of mortality in ANCA+ patients, arterial stiffness, and impaired vasodilatation	Viral infection, diabetes, hypertension, impaired renal function, high CRP level and high autoantibody titters