Table 2.
Immunization-mediated anti- and pro-atherogenesis in animal models.
| Antigen | Immunization Protocol | Carrier/Adjuvant | Animal (sex) | Induction of atherosclerosis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiatherogenic immunization: | |||||
| Human ox-LDL | Oral immunization | none | Ldlr−/− Mice (unknown gender) | Atherogenic diet | 33 |
| Mycobacterium HSP65 | Oral or Nasal immunization | none | Ldlr−/− Mice (female) |
M. tuberculosis immunization in IFA or atherogenic diet |
34, 35 |
| Humaṇ oṛ bovinẹ β2-GPI | Oral immunization | none | Ldlr−/− Mice (female) | Atherogenic diet | 36 |
| WHHL rabbit MDA-LDL | Subcutaneous immunization | CFA and IFA | WHHL rabbit (both genders) | Atherogenic diet | 31 |
| Murine MDA-LDL | Subcutaneous immunization | CFA and IFA | Ldlr−/− Mice (female) | Atherogenic diet | 32 |
| Human apo B-100 peptide-45 -74, -143, -210, or -240 |
Subcutaneous immunization | cationized BSA/aluminium | Apoe−/− mice (male) | Atherogenic diet | 37, 38 |
| Human ox-LDL | Intraperitoneal injection | none | neonatal Apoe−/− mice (both genders) | Atherogenic diet | 30 |
| S. pneumoniae | Subcutaneous immunization | CFA and IFA or none | Ldlr−/− mice (both genders) | Atherogenic diet | 40 |
| Phosphorylcholine-KLH | Intraperitoneal immunization | Oligonucleotide CpG | Apoe−/− (female) | Chow diet | 41 |
| None | Subcutaneous immunization | Aluminium hydroxide | Apoe−/− (male) | Chow diet | 42 |
| Proatherogenic immunization: | |||||
| Human β2-GPI | Subcutaneous immunization | CFA | Ldlr−/− or Apoe−/− mice (female) | Chow or atherogenic diet | 43, 44 |
| Recombinant HSP65 or M. tuberculosis |
Subcutaneous immunization | IFA | C57BL/6J mice (female) | Atherogenic diet | 45 |
| Recombinant HSP 65 or M. tuberculosis |
Subcutaneous immunization | IFA | Ldlr−/− mice (female) | Chow diet | 46 |
| Mycobacterium HSP65 | Intracutaneous injections | CFA and IFA | NZW rabbits (male) | Chow or atherogenic diet | 47 |
Abbreviations: WHHL: Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic; NZW: New Zealand White; KLH: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; CFA: complete Freund’s adjuvant, IFA: incomplete Freund’s adjuvant; BSA: bovine serum albumin.