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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2006 Dec;49(6):1175–1192. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/085)

Table 1.

Summary of past research on phonotactic probability and neighborhood density effects.

Sample Recognition Production Memory Word learning
Adults High-probability advantage High-probability advantage High-probability advantage
High-density disadvantage High-density advantage High-density advantage
Children High-probability advantagea High-probability advantagea High-probability/ High-density advantageb
High-density disadvantage High-density advantage
a

Results based on nonword repetition tasks that contain elements of production and memory.

b

Phonotactic probability effects have not been differentiated from neighborhood density effects.