. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Apr 6.

Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2006 Dec;49(6):1175–1192. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/085)

Table 4.

Integration of current results with those of past research on phonotactic probability and neighborhood density effects.

Sample	Recognition	Production	Memory	Word learning
Adults	High-probability advantage	High-probability advantage	High-probability advantage	High-probability disadvantage
	High-density disadvantage	High-density advantage	High-density advantage	High-density advantage
Children		High-probability advantage^a	High-probability advantage^a	High-probability/High-density advantage^b
	High-density disadvantage	High-density advantage

Results based on nonword repetition tasks that contain elements of production and memory.

Phonotactic probability effects have not been differentiated from neighborhood density effects.