. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biomark Med. 2010 Feb;4(1):27–36. doi: 10.2217/bmm.09.89

Table 2.

Potential applications of biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation for Alzheimer’s disease.

Potential uses	Oxidative biomarkers	Inflammation biomarkers
Animal models	Explore disease mechanisms and pathways Assess responses to interventions, especially antioxidants	Explore disease mechanisms and pathways Assess responses to interventions, especially anti-inflammatory drugs
AD diagnosis	CSF F₂-IsoP, in combination with lesion-specific markers such as Aβ₄₂, may help with AD diagnosis	Several cytokines and chemokines are altered in CSF in AD versus controls The degree of separation appears weaker than for established biomarkers (Aβ₄₂ and tau) Larger studies are required to establish whether these may add to diagnostic accuracy
Antecedent marker for AD	Unclear for CSF Initial reports for plasma and urine F₂-IsoPs were not reproducible	Unknown for CSF Plasma levels of some cytokines and of CRP are relatively weak risk factors for AD
Clinical trials for AD	Assess response to antioxidants	Assessment of inflammatory responses will require a panel of markers because of complex interactions Choice of biomarker panels for specific studies will depend on the nature of the therapeutic target

Aβ: Amyloid-β; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; F₂-IsoP: F₂-isoprostanes.