CL-mediated increase in OV titers explanted from ex vivo brain slices with established gliomas. A, the graph shows the viral titers obtained from brain slices with established D74/HveC gliomas infected with hrR3 OV strain after PBS or CL treatment at 3, 5, and 8 d after virus infection. Columns, average of three slices per treatment group; bars, SD. The experiment was done twice. Comparison of the means with ANOVA test showed significant changes in virus titers with α = 0.05. Post hoc Tukey’s test indicated significant changes at each time point between PBS- and CL-treated brain slices. B, representative photomicrographs of athymic nude mice brain slices implanted with human X12 glioblastoma cells treated with CL or control. CL-treated slices were thus depleted of resident phagocytes (microglia). rQNestin34.5 was then added to each slice, and its presence was detected by expression of GFP (the transgene is encoded by the virus). Positive signal is indicated by the green fluorescence.