Fig. 1.

Clock cells regulate experience-dependent increases in sleep. (A) Data for each GAL4 line (GAL4>/+:rut²⁰⁸⁰/+;;UAS-rut/+) is compared to its parental line (GAL4/+:rut²⁰⁸⁰/+). No increase in Δ daytime sleep is observed in the absence of GAL4 [(rut²⁰⁸⁰/+;;UAS-rut/+)-(rut²⁰⁸⁰/+); white bar]. The mean Δ daytime sleep for Gs-elav-GAL4 (RU+ versus RU−) is shown to facilitate comparisons (black). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for genotype, F_(33,903) =9.09.(*, P < .05 with correction for 34 comparisons; n ≥ 16 for all groups). (B and C) Sleep after social enrichment in mutant rut²⁰⁸⁰/+;pdf-GAL4/+ flies and rut²⁰⁸⁰/+;pdf-GAL4/+;UAS-rut/+ flies (n = 16 in each group). (D and E) Average daytime sleep and sleep-bout duration in rut²⁰⁸⁰/+;pdf-GAL4/+ mutant and rut²⁰⁸⁰/+;pdf-GAL4/+;UAS-rut/+ rescue flies. Two-way ANOVA reveals a genotype by condition interaction for sleep [F(1,57) = 4.44, P = 0.03]andbouts[F_(1,57) = 6.59, P = 0.013](*, P < .05, planned pairwise comparisons with a Tukey correction; n = 14 to 16 for all groups).(F and G) PER immunohistochemistry of per⁰¹;per+7.2-2 and per⁰¹mutants. (H) Δ daytime sleep in per⁰¹ mutants and per⁰¹;per+7.2-2 flies (P = 0.0002; n = 30 to 32 in each group). (I) Male per⁰¹ mutants do not exhibit a reduction in courtship 48 hours after a spaced courtship conditioning (N, Naïve; T, Trained; n = 13 to 14).(J) per⁰¹ flies only exhibit a transient increase in sleep immediately after training. (K) per⁰¹;per+7.2-2 flies exhibit suppression of courtship 48 hours after training (P = 0.001; n = 13 in each group). (L) per⁰¹;per+7.2-2 males also show sustained increases in sleep for 2 days. (M) Δ daytime sleep is quantified for per⁰¹ and per⁰¹;per+7.2-2 males Two-way ANOVA reveals a genotype by day interaction F_(1,39) = 7.48, P = 0.009(*, P < .05 planned pairwise comparisons with a Tukey correction; n = 13 to 14 each group).