Table 2.
Multinomial Regressions Showing Associations of Trauma Classes, Parental Alcohol Problems and Familial Effects with Single and Co-Occurring Lifetime MDD and Panic Attack at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Years After First Traumatic Event
| MDD or panic attack only | MDD + panic attack | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Years since first trauma | N1 | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) |
| 0 | 4325 | ||
| Assault class 2 | 6.0 (4.3 – 8.4)** | 14.3 (8.4 – 24.5)** | |
| Witness class | 2.8 (2.2 – 3.5)** | 3.9 (2.3 – 6.7)** | |
| Parental alcohol problems | 1.6 (1.3 – 2.0)** | 2.3 (1.5 – 3.5)** | |
| Familial effect 3 | 2.6 (1.6 – 4.2)** | 2.5 (1.0 – 6.0)* | |
| 1 | 4287 | ||
| Assault class | 6.4 (4.5 – 9.0)** | 14.7 (8.5 – 25.4)** | |
| Witness class | 2.8 (2.2 – 3.5)** | 3.7 (2.2 – 6.5)** | |
| Parental alcohol problems | 1.7 (1.4 – 2.0)** | 2.4 (1.6 – 3.6)** | |
| Familial effect | 2.8 (1.7 – 4.5)** | 2.3 (0.9 – 5.8) | |
| 5 | 4130 | ||
| Assault class | 7.0 (4.8 – 10.0)** | 14.2 (7.7 – 26.3)** | |
| Witness class | 3.0 (2.3 – 4.0)** | 3.2 (1.6 – 6.5)** | |
| Parental alcohol problems | 1.6 (1.3 – 2.0)** | 2.4 (1.5 – 4.0)** | |
| Familial effect | 2.9 (1.7 – 4.9)** | 2.1 (0.7 – 5.9) | |
| 10 | 3930 | ||
| Assault class | 7.4 (4.9 – 11.1)** | 9.8 (4.3 – 22.4)** | |
| Witness class | 3.1 (2.3 – 4.3)** | 2.3 (0.8 – 6.9) | |
| Parental alcohol problems | 1.5 (1.2 – 2.0)** | 2.8 (1.4 – 5.7)** | |
| Familial effect | 3.0 (1.7 – 5.4)** | 2.4 (0.5 – 10.7) | |
| 15 | 3734 | ||
| Assault class | 7.6 (4.4 – 13.1)** | 3.5 (1.0 – 12.3)* | |
| Witness class | 3.3 (2.1 – 5.2)** | 1.7 (0.4 – 6.8) | |
| Parental alcohol problems | 1.6 (1.1 – 2.3)* | 4.0 (1.5 – 10.5)** | |
| Familial effect | 3.3 (1.5 – 7.2)** | 0.9 (0.1 – 6.4) | |
| 20 a | 3625 | ||
| Assault class | 11.8 (5.7 – 24.4)** | ||
| Witness class | 3.4 (1.7 – 6.8)** | ||
| Parental alcohol problems | 1.7 (0.9 – 2.9) | ||
| Familial effect | 1.9 (0.6 – 6.0) | ||
Ns decrease as individuals with a first onset of MDD or panic attack before the beginning of the next time interval are removed from the risk set;
Control class is the reference category
familial effect modeled as interaction of twin zygosity (monozygotic = 1, dizygotic = 0) with co-twin status on MDD or panic attack (‘1’ if either)
MDD-only, panic attack-only, and MDD + panic attack categories were combined due to too few individuals left in risk sets for panic attack or MDD-only and MDD + panic attack to permit separate estimation. All regressions adjusted for respondent zygosity, gender, alcohol dependence, antisocial personality symptoms, and co-twin status on MDD and panic attack
p < .05
p < .01