Table 1.

Results from repeated-measures ANCOVA examining the performance parameters peak velocity, peak acceleration, and peak power for effects of temperature, individual, feeding phase (projection vs. retraction), and projection distance (covariate)

	Peak velocity			Peak acceleration			Peak power
	df	F value	P value	df	F value	P value	df	F value	P value
15 °C vs. 25 °C
Individual	4	7.384	<0.0001*	4	5.585	0.0003*	4	1.832	0.1253
Temperature	1	436.1	<0.0001*	1	77.56	<0.0001*	1	244.5	<0.0001*
Projection distance	1	44.86	<0.0001*	1	5.477	0.0205	1	0.589	0.4438
Phase	1	8118	<0.0001*	1	294.8	<0.0001*	1	8356	<0.0001*
Individual × temperature	4	2.58	0.0395	4	2.439	0.0493	4	4.283	0.0026*
Individual × projection distance	4	1.665	0.1609	4	0.697	0.5952	4	1.002	0.4083
Temperature × projection distance	1	0.030	0.8633	1	2.781	0.0974	1	10.96	0.0012*
Individual × phase	4	3.159	0.0157*	4	5.433	0.0004*	4	4.351	0.0023*
Temperature × phase	1	250.5	<0.0001*	1	73.86	<0.0001*	1	195.5	<0.0001*
Projection distance × phase	1	6.371	0.0126*	1	30.84	<0.0001*	1	9.627	0.0023*
25 °C vs. 35 °C
Individual	4	10.10	<0.0001*	4	2.345	0.0571	4	6.580	<0.0001*
Temperature	1	222.2	<0.0001*	1	45.15	<0.0001*	1	132.4	<0.0001*
Projection distance	1	77.65	<0.0001*	1	0.207	0.6494	1	16.50	<0.0001*
Phase	1	6464	<0.0001*	1	26.25	<0.0001*	1	7719	<0.0001*
Individual × temperature	4	2.884	0.0244	4	1.759	0.1398	4	1.113	0.3523
Individual × projection distance	4	6.300	<0.0001*	4	1.636	0.1679	4	1.528	0.1966
Temperature × projection distance	1	4.605	0.0334	1	3.252	0.0732	1	0.025	0.8759
Individual × phase	4	5.597	0.0003*	4	2.652	0.0353	4	2.093	0.0843
Temperature × phase	1	78.38	<0.0001*	1	21.21	<0.0001*	1	54.06	<0.0001*
Projection distance × phase	1	37.25	<0.0001*	1	14.22	0.0002*	1	1.536	0.217

Note the significant temperature × phase interaction effects, which indicate that tongue projection and tongue retraction are affected differently by changes in temperature.

*Significant difference in ANCOVA at Benferroni-corrected α = 0.017, indicating significant effect.