Fig. 2.

Clockwise and counterclockwise path cell activity. (A) Firing rate of a clockwise path cell from patient 2’s right entorhinal cortex (microelectrode 13) during testing session 2. (Left) Mean firing rate during clockwise movement at each location in the virtual environment. Color indicates the mean firing rate (in Hz), and gray lines indicate the path of the patient. (Middle left) Neuronal activity during counterclockwise movements. (Middle right) Indication of whether firing rate at each location was statistically greater (rank-sum test) during clockwise movements (red) or during counterclockwise movements (blue). (Spatial statistics: A_dir = 0.94 and D_pref = 1; SI Materials and Methods). (Right) Firing rate of this neuron combined across all regions of the environment for clockwise (“CW”) and counterclockwise (“CCW”) movements during straight movements and turns (“Turn”). (Inset) Activity of a neuron recorded from this same microelectrode in a different testing session; the two cells have very different firing rates and thus are likely distinct, nearby neurons. (B) Activity of a counterclockwise path cell recorded from patient 2’s right entorhinal cortex (microelectrode 15). (A_dir = 0.78 and D_pref = 1.) (C) Activity of a clockwise path cell recorded from patient 2’s right entorhinal cortex (microelectrode 9). (A_dir = 0.81 and D_pref = 1.) (D) Activity of a counterclockwise path cell recorded from the left entorhinal cortex of patient 5. (A_dir = 0.29 and D_pref = 0.99.) (E) Activity of a counterclockwise path cell from patient 4’s right parahippocampal gyrus. (A_dir = 0.32 and D_pref = 1.) (F) Activity of a counterclockwise path cell from patient 13’s right orbitofrontal cortex. (A_dir = 0.45 and D_pref = 1.)