Table 2.

Results for catalyst stability studies

			Yield (wt/wt%)
Entry	Catalyst	Time (min)	Glucose	Fructose	Mannose
Study 1: Catalyst reusability
1	Sn-Beta Cycle 1	30	41	32	9
2	Sn-Beta Cycle 2	30	45	30	8
3	Sn-Beta Cycle 3	30	47	29	7
4	Sn-Beta Cycle 4 (calcination)	30	46	30	8
Study 2: Testing for leached species
5a	Sn-Beta	12	57	27	6
5b	None (catalyst removed by filtration)	30	57	27	6

Reactions were performed at 383 K using a 10 wt% glucose solution with a 1∶50 Sn:glucose molar ratio (except for entry 5b). For Study 1, after each cycle, the catalyst was washed with water and fresh glucose solution was subsequently added to start a new cycle. In Cycle 4, the catalyst recovered from Cycle 3 was calcined in air at 813 K for 3 h using a temperature ramp rate of 2 K/ min. For Study 2, the reaction with Sn-Beta was allowed to proceed for 12 min (entry 5a). Then, the catalyst was filtered hot from the solution, and the filtrate was reacted for an additional 30 min (entry 5b).