Table 2.

Virus autophagy evasion mechanisms

Virus	Autophagy evasion mechanism	Effects on host- pathogen interactions	References
DNA viruses
Herpesviridae
HSV-1	Viral ICP34.5 protein inhibits PKR signaling and directly binds to Beclin 1 to inhibit autophagy in primary neurons and MEFs	Confers neurovirulence	[5,39]
Kaposis sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), murine γ-HV68 (γMHV-86)	Viral Bcl-2-like proteins bind directly to Beclin 1 and inhibit autophagy in multiple cell lines	Unknown	[10,65,66]
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)	Infection inhibits autophagy in primary fibroblasts through unknown mechanism	Unknown	[75]
RNA viruses
Retroviridae
HIV 1	Infection inhibits autophagy in primary CD4 + lymphocytes and in U937 macrophage cell line possibly through reduction in Beclin 1 levels	Unknown	[80]
	Nef protein binds Beclin 1 and inhibits the maturation of autophagosome into autolysosomes.	Unknown	[82]
Simian immunodeficiency virus type 1 (SIV 1)	Infection of microglia induces production of unknown molecule(s) that inhibit autophagy in neurons	Proposed role in the accumulation of protein aggregates in neurons that potentially contribute to neurodegeneration	[85]