Table 1.
Activations for inhibition, shifting, and their interaction
| Anatomical Region | L/R | BA | MNI Coordinates |
T-value | Cluster size (k) |
Sel./Pref.? | Paired T-Tests |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | y | z | Main effects |
|||||||||
| IS > NN | ||||||||||||
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | L | 6 | −32 | 2 | 60 | 12.97 | 44042 | S | In | Ic | cdghjmo | |
| Medial Frontal Gyrus | L | 6 | −10 | 0 | 64 | 9.47 | S | In | Ic | fgno | ||
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | R | 6 | 28 | −4 | 56 | 9.17 | S | In | Ic | cdgjmo | ||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus | L | 9 | −44 | 10 | 30 | 9.25 | S | In | Ic | cdghjlmo | ||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus | R | 9 | 52 | 8 | 28 | 9.14 | S | In | Ic | Inh. Pref. | acdghmo | |
| Anterior Cingulate | L | 32 | −12 | 30 | 28 | 6.65 | S | In | Ic | go | ||
| Anterior Cingulate | R | 32 | 10 | 30 | 28 | 6.09 | S | In | Ic | go | ||
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | L | 46 | −42 | 34 | 22 | 12.77 | S | In | Ic | Sh. Pref. | bcdgho | |
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | R | 46 | 48 | 36 | 24 | 11.68 | S | In | cdghjo | |||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus/Insula | L | 47/13 | −34 | 22 | 4 | 7.69 | S | In | Ic | gmno | ||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus | R | 47 | 34 | 26 | 2 | 7.44 | S | In | Ic | cdghjmo | ||
| Medial Frontal Gyrus | L | 8/32 | −8 | 18 | 50 | 8.40 | S | In | Ic | cdgjno | ||
| Superior Frontal Gyrus | R | 8/32 | 6 | 12 | 54 | 9.38 | S | In | Ic | cdfgjmno | ||
| Precuneus | L | 7 | −28 | −78 | 38 | 13.93 | S | In | Ic | Sh. Pref. | bcdghjlmno | |
| Precuneus | R | 7 | 30 | −68 | 42 | 14.07 | S | In | Ic | Sh. Pref. | bcdghjlmo | |
| Inferior Parietal Lobule | L | 40 | −46 | −44 | 46 | 14.37 | S | In | Ic | cdghjlmno | ||
| Inferior Parietal Lobule | R | 40 | 40 | −52 | 48 | 9.17 | S | In | Ic | cdgjno | ||
| Caudate Body | L | −20 | −2 | 22 | 6.84 | In | Ic | ghl | ||||
| Caudate Body | R | 22 | −8 | 20 | 9.18 | S | In | Ic | glno | |||
| Cerebellum | L | −30 | −56 | −34 | 14.18 | S | In | Ic | cdfgjmno | |||
| Cerebellum | R | 26 | −62 | −34 | 10.87 | S | In | Ic | cdgjmno | |||
| IN > NS | ||||||||||||
| Precentral Gyrus | L | 44 | −52 | 12 | 8 | 6.37 | 70 | In | Inh. Pref. | aim | ||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus | R | 47 | 54 | 20 | −6 | 6.14 | 595 | In | Inh. Pref. | aijm | ||
| Precentral Gyrus | R | 44 | 52 | 10 | 12 | 6.08 | In | Ic | Inh. Pref. | am | ||
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus | R | 45 | 58 | 18 | 6 | 5.31 | In | Inh. Pref. | aim | |||
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | R | 6/8 | 32 | 6 | 44 | 5.81 | 40 | S | In | Ic | Inh. Sel. | acgjmo |
| Superior Frontal Gyrus | R | 6 | 6 | 16 | 66 | 5.63 | 369 | In | Inh. Pref. | agijm | ||
| Superior Frontal Gyrus | R | 8 | 6 | 44 | 52 | 5.30 | Inh. Pref. | aim | ||||
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | R | 9 | 42 | 10 | 38 | 4.70 | 52 | In | Ic | Inh. Sel. | acgjm | |
| Inferior Frontal Gyrus | R | 47 | 52 | 44 | −12 | 4.29 | 13 | Inh. Pref. | ak | |||
| Middle Frontal Gyrus | R | 9 | 54 | 24 | 30 | 4.14 | 9 | S | In | Inh. Pref. | acdghjm | |
| Superior Frontal Gyrus | R | 10 | 28 | 66 | 20 | 3.98 | 11 | In | Inh. Sel. | acjm | ||
| Inferior Parietal Lobule | L | 40 | −68 | −34 | 26 | 8.53 | 209 | Inh. Pref. | aik | |||
| Superior Temporal Gyrus | L | 22 | −62 | −38 | 20 | 5.56 | Inh. Pref. | agk | ||||
| Inferior Parietal Lobule | R | 40 | 60 | −34 | 50 | 6.53 | 1234 | In | Ic | Inh. Sel. | acgjmo | |
| Middle Temporal Gyrus | R | 39 | 58 | −60 | 8 | 6.40 | Inh. Pref. | aem | ||||
| Superior Temporal Gyrus | R | 22 | 64 | −50 | 18 | 6.37 | Inh. Pref. | aim | ||||
| Parietal Lobe | L | 40 | −60 | −36 | 52 | 5.43 | 12 | S | In | Ic | Inh. Pref. | afgjmno |
| Postcentral Gyrus | R | 40 | 64 | −24 | 24 | 5.07 | 96 | Inh. Pref. | agi | |||
| Middle Temporal Gyrus | L | 39 | −60 | −60 | 10 | 4.97 | 71 | Inh. Pref. | ag | |||
| Superior Temporal Gyrus | L | 22 | −56 | −2 | 2 | 4.43 | 32 | Inh. Pref. | aefgm | |||
| Middle Temporal Gyrus | R | 21 | 54 | −44 | 4 | 5.74 | Inh. Pref. | akm | ||||
| Caudate Body | R | 10 | 4 | 12 | 6.80 | 178 | In | Ic | Inh. Pref. | ago | ||
| Caudate Body | R | 12 | 16 | 8 | 5.85 | In | Inh. Pref. | a | ||||
| Putamen | L | −16 | 8 | 2 | 5.29 | 76 | In | Ic | Inh. Pref. | amo | ||
| Caudate Head | L | −10 | 16 | 6 | 5.29 | Inh. Pref. | ak | |||||
| Caudate Head | L | −16 | 20 | −4 | 4.30 | 14 | Inh. Pref. | a | ||||
| Cerebellum | L | −22 | −70 | −34 | 5.59 | 96 | S | In | Ic | Inh. Sel. | acgjmo | |
| NS > IN | ||||||||||||
| Inferior Parietal Lobe | L | 7 | −26 | −56 | 40 | 7.68 | 9 | S | In | Ic | Sh. Pref. | bcdghjlo |
Notes. Statistics for peak voxels and surrounding ROIs from each significant cluster of activation. Clusters were identified from the IS > NN, IN > NS, and NS > IN contrasts with an FDR-corrected threshold of p = .05, k = 9. Clusters that also exhibited activation in the main effect factorial analyses for shifting (S), incongruent referenced to neutral (In), and incongruent referenced to congruent (Ic) are noted. Clusters exhibiting multiple main effects are present in the conjunction of those effects. Large clusters of activation were broken into smaller clusters according to anatomical boundaries (Brodmann areas) and were identified as the peak voxel within the anatomical region. ROIs were defined as 6mm spheres around each peak voxel and were interrogated for activation in each of the six experimental conditions. Paired t-tests (α = .05) were conducted to determine which ROIs displayed significantly different activations in each condition. The results of these paired t-tests are given as: a = IN > NS, b = NS > IN, c = IN > NN, d = NS > NN, e = IS > IN, f = IS > NS, g = IS > NN, h = CN > NN, i = CS > NS, j = CS > NN, k = NN > CN, l = NS > CS, m = IN > CN, n = IS > CS, o = IS > CN. Based on these t-tests, regions were labeled as selective or preferential for inhibition or shifting. ROIs identified from the IN > NS and NS > IN contrasts will be classified as preferential (but not selective) to inhibition or shifting by definition. Cortical regions are grouped by cluster and reported in the anterior to posterior direction, followed by subcortical regions. Inhibition selective regions are reported in bold type.
NN = Neutral Non-Shifting, NS = Neutral Shifting, IN = Incongruent Non-Shifting, IS = aIncongruent Shifting, CN = Congruent Non-Shifting, CS = Congruent Shifting, Inh. = Inhibition, Sh. = Shifting, Sel. = Selective, Pref. = Preferential.