Table 2.
Reported effects of progesterone and its derivatives on the immune system and immunobiology of HIV-1 infection
Reported effect of progesterone or its derivatives | Refs. |
---|---|
Inhibition of IgG and IgA production and transepithelial transport | 78,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,129,130,131,132,133,134 |
Decreased frequency of antibody-secreting cells in women and female macaques | 90,96 |
Decreased specific IgG and IgA responses after mucosal immunization with attenuated HSV-2; induction of permissive conditions for intravaginal infection of mice with HSV-2 and Chlamydia trachomatis | 132,133,134 |
Inhibition of T cell responses and cytotoxic activity | 139,140,141,142,143,147 |
Inhibition of perforin expression in T cells | 140,141,142,144,145,146 |
Decreased proliferation and Th1-type cytokine production by VZV-specific CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 patients | 148 |
Altered migration and decreased activity of NK cells | 105,106,106,135,159,251,252 |
PIBF-mediated shift toward Th2 cytokine expression profile | 133,149,150,151,152,153,154 |
Altered migration and infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells into the female genital tract tissues | 117,118,157,158,183,191,253 |
Increased expression of CCR5 on cervical CD4+ lymphocytes | 81,82 |
Thinning of cervicovaginal epithelium in rhesus macaques | 42,66 |
Increased frequency of LCs in vaginal epithelium | 76,77 |
Regulation of HIV replication and LTR activity | 254 |
Suppression of IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6 release by human lymphocytes | 148,177 |
Inhibition of TLR-9-induced IFN-α production by human and mouse pDCs | 162 |
Increased shedding of HIV-1 in the genital tract | 35,36,37 |
Decreased FcγR expression on monocytes | 159,160 |
Decreased vaginal colonization with H2O2-producing Lactobacillus | 70 |
VZV, Varicella-zoster virus; TLR, Toll-like receptor; LTR, long terminal repeat; pDC, plasmocytoid dendritic cell.