Table 1.
Therapeutic insulin-sensitizing interventions that modulate mitochondrial and metabolic functioning in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver
| Intervention | Skeletal muscle effects | Adipose effects | Hepatic effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caloric restriction | Increase mitochondrial biogenesis (125) | Decrease adipocyte mass (261) | Diminish steatosis (262) |
| Intensive exercise | Increase mitochondrial biogenesis, increase muscle mass–oxidative capacity, increase DGAT1 (136,137,138,139,140,184) | Decrease adipocyte mass (261) | |
| Thiazolidinediones | Promote mitochondrial FAO and fat uptake (231,232) | Increase lipid uptake and metabolism (227) | Diminish steatosis (237,238) |
| GW501516 | Induction of type I fibers and oxidative capacity (175,177,244) | Diminish steatosis (243) | |
| Resveratrol | Increase mitochondrial biogenesis (249) | Increase mitochondrial biogenesis (249) | |
| SIRT1 activators | Increase mitochondrial oxidative capacity and glucose uptake (255,256) | No change in mitochondrial oxidative capacity (256) | |
| MUP-1 | Increase mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity (258) | No weight reduction (258) |