TABLE 8.

Risk factors associated with intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome

Diminished abdominal wall compliance

Acute respiratory failure, especially with elevated intrathoracic pressure

Abdominal surgery with primary fascial closure

Major trauma or burns

Prone positioning

Increased intraluminal contents

Gastroparesis

Ileus

Colonic pseudo-obstruction

Increased abdominal contents

Hemoperitoneum or pneumoperitoneum

Ascites or liver dysfunction

Capillary leak or fluid resuscitation

Acidosis (pH<7.2)

Hypotension

Hypothermia (core temperature <33°C)

Multiple transfusions (>10 units of blood over 24 h)

Coagulopathy (platelets <55,000/mm3, or activated partial thromboplastin time >2 times normal, or prothrombin time <50%, or international normalized ratio >1.5)

Massive fluid resuscitation (>5 L over 24 h)

Oliguria

Sepsis

Major trauma or burns

Damage control laparotomy

Adapted from reference 176