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In the multi-wavelength (MAD) method the reference wave is modulated in phase and amplitude by exploiting the wavelength-dependence of the atomic scattering factors f′ and f′′ of those atoms that constitute the substructure. The wavelength-dependent variations of the wave scattered from the substructure will, after superposition with the wave scattered from the unknown (and wavelength-independent) part of the structure, give rise to measurable amplitude variations.
