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Friedel symmetry-breaking arising from anomalous scattering. (a) Structure factor of an atom which has negligible f′′: Friedel’s law is satisfied. (b) Structure factor of an atom exhibiting anomalous scattering: f + and f − are different, but their moduli are still identical. (c) Only when there is a mixture of atoms exhibiting anomalous scattering (substructure H) and atoms with negligible anomalous scattering (P) will the Friedel opposites have different intensities.
