Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and relative indices of inequality (RIIs) for education and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for lung cancer by sex in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (N=391,251)
| Education | Model 1 Crude † | Model 2 Adjusted for current smoking‡ | Model 3 Adjusted for smoking§ | Model 4 Adjusted for smoking and diet|| | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N* | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | |
| Men | |||||||||
| Primary education or less | 543 | 2.54 | (2.06 to 3.14) | 1.93 | (1.56 to 2.38) | 1.79 | (1.45 to 2.21) | 1.78 | (1.44 to 2.20) |
| Vocational secondary education | 213 | 1.77 | (1.40 to 2.23) | 1.46 | (1.15 to 1.83) | 1.39 | (1.10 to 1.75) | 1.38 | (1.10 to 1.74) |
| Other secondary education | 66 | 1.43 | (1.05 to 1.94) | 1.23 | (0.90 to 1.68) | 1.20 | (0.88 to 1.63) | 1.19 | (0.87 to 1.62) |
| College or university | 117 | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) |
| RII | 939 | 3.62 | (2.77 to 4.73) | 2.54 | (1.94 to 3.33) | 2.29 | (1.75 to 3.01) | 2.27 | (1.73 to 2.99) |
| Women | |||||||||
| Primary education or less | 326 | 1.98 | (1.50 to 2.61) | 1.56 | (1.18 to 2.06) | 1.44 | (1.09 to 1.90) | 1.42 | (1.07 to 1.88) |
| Vocational secondary education | 207 | 1.35 | (1.02 to 1.79) | 1.21 | (0.91 to 1.61) | 1.17 | (0.88 to 1.56) | 1.16 | (0.87 to 1.54) |
| Other secondary education | 93 | 1.32 | (0.96 to 1.83) | 1.21 | (0.88 to 1.68) | 1.18 | (0.85 to 1.64) | 1.18 | (0.85 to 1.63) |
| College or university | 66 | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) | 1.00 | (Referent) |
| RII | 692 | 2.39 | (1.77 to 3.21) | 1.75 | (1.31 to 2.36) | 1.59 | (1.18 to 2.13) | 1.55 | (1.15 to 2.09) |
Number of lung cancer patients.
All analyses are stratified by center and age at baseline.
The model includes smoking status (never smoker [reference category], current smoker, former smoker), current quantity (continuous), a quadratic term for current quantity, and a dummy variable for missing variables for current quantity.
The model includes smoking status (never smoker [reference category], current smoker, former smoker), age at starting (continuous), duration of smoking (continuous in years), current quantity (continuous), a quadratic term for current quantity, two interaction terms (quantity × duration and age at starting × duration), dummy variables for missing values for age at starting, duration of smoking, and current quantity.
The model includes the variables in model 3, fruits and vegetables consumption (continuous variable, per 100g), and an interaction term between smoking status and fruits and vegetables consumption.