| Space Shuttle Explosion |
Negative |
Challenger (1986) |
Bohannon, 1988 |
|
|
|
Bohannon & Symons, 1992 |
|
|
|
Bohannon, Gratz, & Cross, 2007 |
|
|
|
McCloskey, Wible, & Cohen, 1988 |
|
|
|
Neisser & Harsch, 1992 |
|
|
|
Terr et al., 1996 |
|
Negative |
Columbia (2003) |
Kensinger, Krendl, & Corkin, 2006 |
|
|
|
Kershaw, Hemmerich, & Ahmed, 2009 |
|
| Man-made disaster |
Negative |
Hillsborough soccer field disaster (1989) |
Wright, 1993 |
|
|
nuclear accident in Japan (1999) |
Otani et al., 2005 |
|
|
school shooting (1988) |
Schwarz, Kowalski & McNally, 1993 |
|
|
MS Estonia Ferry Disaster (1994) |
Christianson & Engelberg, 1999 |
|
|
Train station bombing in Bologna (1980) |
Cubelli & Della Sala, 2008 |
|
| Natural disaster |
Negative |
Earthquake in Loma Prieta (1989) |
Neisser et al., 1996 |
|
|
Hurricane Andrew (1992) |
Bahrick, Parker, Fivush, & Levett, 1998 |
|
|
Hurricane Hugo (1989) |
Norris & Kaniasty, 1992 |
|
|
Marmara earthquake |
Er, 2003 |
|
|
|
Nurhan, 2003 |
|
| World Events |
Either |
German invasion of Denmark (1940) |
Berntsen & Rubin, 2006b |
|
|
German withdrawal from Denmark (1945) |
Berntsen & Thomsen, 2005 |
|
Negative |
Beginning of the Gulf War (1990) |
Bohannon, Gratz, & Cross, 2007 |
|
|
|
Tekcan, 2001 |
|
|
|
Weaver, 1993 |
|
Negative |
Bombing of Pearl Harbor (1941) |
Neisser, 1982 |
|
|
|
Thompson & Cowan, 1986 |
|
|
Resignation of Margaret Thatcher (1990) |
Cohen et al., 1994 |
|
|
|
Conway et al., 1994 |
|
|
|
Wright, Gaskell, & O’Muircheartaigh, 1998 |
|
Either |
Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) |
Bohn & Berntsen, 2007 |
|
|
|
Scott & Ponsoda, 1996 |
|
Positive |
Japan World Exposition (1970) |
Anderson & Shimizu, 2007 |
|
|
Change in national borders of Turkey (1939) |
Tekcan & Peynircioglu, 2002 |
|
| Assassination |
Negative |
Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (1986) |
Christianson, 1989 |
|
|
Attempted, President Reagan (1981) |
McCloskey et al., 1988 |
|
|
|
Pillemer, 1984 |
|
|
|
Rubin & Kozin, 1984 |
|
|
President Lincoln (1865) |
Colgrove, 1899 |
|
|
President John F. Kennedy (1963) |
Brown & Kulik, 1977*
|
|
|
|
Christianson, 1989 |
|
|
|
Winograd & Killinger, 1983*
|
|
|
|
Yarmey & Bull, 1978 |
|
|
Israel’s Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin (1995) |
Yaron-Antar & Nachson, 2006 |
|
|
|
Nachson & Zelig, 2003 |
|
| Death of famous individual |
Negative |
Belgian king Baudouin (1995) |
Finkenauer, Gisle, & Luminet, 1997 |
|
|
Princess Diana (1997) |
Bohannon, Gratz, & Cross, 2007 |
|
|
|
Davidson & Glisky, 2002 |
|
|
|
Hornstein, Brown, & Mulligan, 2003 |
|
|
|
Krackow, Lynn, & Payne, 2005 |
|
|
|
Kvavilahvili, Mirani, Schlagman, & Kornbrot, 2003 |
|
|
Mother Theresa (1997) |
Davidson & Glisky, 2002 |
|
|
Turgut Özal, 8th President of Turkey (1993) |
Tekcan & Peynircioglu, 2002 |
|
|
|
Tekcan, 1999 |
|
|
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, first president of Turkey (1938) |
Tekcan & Peynircioglu, 2002 |
|
|
Francois Mitterrand, former president of France (1996) |
Curci, Luminet, Finkenauer, & Gisle, 2001 |
|
|
Pope John Paul II (2005) |
Tinti et al., 2009 |
|
| Courtroom trial |
Either |
O.J. Simpson verdict (1995) |
Schmolck, Buffalo, & Squire, 2000 |
|
|
|
Winningham et al., 2000 |
|
Negative |
Clarence Thomas hearings |
Morse, Woodward, & Zweigenhaft, 1993 |
|
| Terrorist Attacks |
Negative |
September 11 (2001) |
Budson et al., 2004 |
|
|
|
Budson et al., 2007 |
|
|
|
Candel, Jelicic, Merckelbach, & Wester, 2003 |
|
|
|
Conway, Skitka, Hemmerich, & Kershaw, 2009 |
|
|
|
Curci & Lanciano, 2009 |
|
|
|
Curci & Luminet, 2006 |
|
|
|
Davidson, Cook, & Glisky, 2006 |
|
|
|
Greenberg, 2004 |
|
|
|
Hirst et al., 2009 |
|
|
|
Kvavilahvili, Mirani, Schlagman, & Kornbrot, 2003 |
|
|
|
Kvavilashvili, Mirani, Schlagman, Foley, & Kornbrot, 2009 |
|
|
|
Lee & Brown, 2003 |
|
|
|
Luminet et al., 2004 |
|
|
|
NiedŸwieńska, 2004 |
|
|
|
Paradis, Soloman, Florer, & Pezdek, 2004 |
|
|
|
Pezdek, 2003 |
|
|
|
Romeu, 2006 |
|
|
|
Schmidt, 2004 |
|
|
|
Shapiro, 2006 |
|
|
|
Sharot et al., 2007 |
|
|
|
Smith, Bibi, & Sheard, 2003 |
|
|
|
Talarico & Rubin, 2007 |
|
|
|
Talarico & Rubin, 2003 |
|
|
|
Tekcan et al., 2003 |
|
|
|
Thompson et al., 2004 |
|
|
|
Weaver & Krug, 2004 |
|
|
|
Wolters & Goudsmit, 2005 |
|
|
Terrorist attacks in Israel (1995–1997) |
Edery-Halpern & Nachson, 2004 |
|
| Sporting Event |
Either |
American League Championship Series (2004), between Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees |
Kensinger & Schacter, 2006 |
