Table 1. Protein Biomarkers in Urine Investigated for Detection and Staging Cancer.
This table includes two protein immunoassays have FDA approval for detection of bladder cancer. Additional entries describe other candidates that are in various stages of the development pipeline. Several methods can be used for protein assessment, including enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunohistochemistry of tumor tissue (IHC), real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS).
| Cancer | Potential Biomarkers | Comment (Reference) |
|---|---|---|
| Bladder | Bladder-tumor-associated antigen | FDA-Approved Immunoassay (4) |
| NMP22 | FDA-Approved Immunoassay (5) | |
| Calreticulin | Partially Validated via Western Blot (15) | |
| Clusterin | Diagnostic/Prognostic (13) | |
| Cystatin B | Partially Validated via IHC and Western Blot (11) | |
| Proepithelin | Partially validated via IHC and ELISA (18) | |
| UHRF1 | Observed via IHC (22) | |
| α-1B-Glycoprotein | Discovered using Lectin Affinity Chromatography (17) | |
| Renal | Cathepsin D | Correlated with Survival (8) |
| NMP22 | FDA-Approved for Bladder Cancer (16) | |
| Prostate | Collagen α-1(III) peptideCollagen α-1(I) peptide | MMP Substrate (21) |
| Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate gene 2 protein peptide | CE-MS Detection, Decreased in Cancer (21) | |
| Sodium / potassium-transporting ATPase γ Peptide | CE-MS Detection (21) | |
| PCA3 | mRNA Detection in Urine (14) | |
| Ovarian | Eosinophil-derived Neurotoxin C-terminal Osteopontin fragments | Glycosylated Fragment (62) |
| Bcl-2 | ELISA (9) | |
| Breast | MMP9 | Detected by Zymography (56) |
| ADAM12 | Detected by Western Blot (56) | |
| Colorectal | Cystatin SN | Tissue IHC and RT-PCR: ELISA with Urinary Protein (23) |
| Multiple Myeloma | IL6, MMP9 | Index for Bone Disease (19) |
| Antibodies | Diagnostic/Prognostic (10, 12, 20) |