Table 1.
Major epigenetic changes in lung cancer
| Epigenetic changes | Targets | Cancer type | Ref | Proposed or effective therapy |
| DNA methylation | ||||
| CpG islands hypermethylation | p16INK4a | NSCLC | 5, 6, 36, 37–39 | |
| CDH13 | NSCLC | 7, 39 | ||
| 14-3-3s | SCLC, NSCLC | 8 | Demethylating agents (41) | |
| DAPK1 | SCLC, NSCLC | 5, 9, 38 | ||
| RASSF1A | SCLC, NSCLC | 10, 39 | DNA methyltranferase inhibitors | |
| Caspase8 | SCLC, NSCLC | 11 | ||
| RAR-b | NSCLC | 12 | Demethylated agents in combination with HDACi | |
| TIMP3 | NSCLC | 12 | ||
| MGMT | NSCLC | 12, 36, 37 | ||
| ECAD | NSCLC | 12 | Demethylated agents in combination with chemotherapy | |
| GSTP1 | NSCLC | 12 | ||
| APC | NSCLC | 38, 39 | ||
| FHIT | NSCLC | 38 | ||
| Genome wide hypomethylation | NSCLC | 21–24 | ||
| Chromatin modifications | ||||
| Histone modification | ||||
| Acetylation | H2AK5ac | NSCLC | 54 | HDACi (56, 60) |
| H3K9ac | NSCLC | 54 | ||
| H3K18ac | NSCLC | 42 | HDACi in combination with ionizing radiation (57) | |
| H4K5ac | NSCLC | 44 | ||
| H4K8ac | NSCLC | 44 | ||
| H4K12ac | NSCLC | 44 | HDACi in combination with Chemotherapy or radiotherapy (56, 58–60) | |
| K4K16ac | NSCLC | 44 | ||
| Methylation | H3K4me2 | NSCLC | 42, 54 | |
| H4K20me3 | NCSLC | 44 | ||
| Chromatin remodelling complexes | ||||
| BRG1 | NSCLC | 63–67 | ||
| Micro-RNAs | ||||
| Reduced expression | Let7 | NSCLC | 72 | Chromatin modifying drugs (HDACi.. …) |
| miR-128b | NSCLC | 75 | ||
| Overexpression | miR-17-92 | NSCLC | 70, 76 | synthetic oligonucleotides |
| miR-155 | NSCLC | 71 | anti-miRNRNA oligonucleotides (antagomirs) | |
| miR-21 | NSCLC | 92 |